Fractal distribution of earthquake hypocenters and its relation to fault patterns and percolation

Sahimi, Muhammad; Robertson, Michelle; Sammis, Charles G.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.2186

Cited by 95 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The Omori's law states that the number of aftershocks, which follow a main event, decays as a power law with an exponent close to minus one. The maps of the faults are fractal-like (spatial) and the time series of the earthquakes are 1/ noise in time [12,13]. The existence of power law and scale invariance in the spatial-temporal data series of earthquakes indicates the presence of a fractal behavior, so one of the aspects that scientists study on different data series of earthquakes is their fractal behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling behavior of earthquakes’ inter-events time series

et al. 2009

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Abstract:In this paper, we investigate the statistical and scaling properties of the California earthquakes' inter-events over a period of the recent 40 years. To detect long-term correlations behavior, we apply detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), which can systematically detect and overcome nonstationarities in the data set at all time scales. We calculate for various earthquakes with magnitudes larger than a given M. The results indicate that the Hurst exponent decreases with increasing M; characterized by a Hurst exponent, which is given by, H = 0 34 + 1 53/M, indicating that for events with very large magnitudes M, the Hurst exponent decreases to 0 50, which is for independent events. PACS

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling behavior of earthquakes’ inter-events time series

et al. 2009

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“…4). (iii) Investigators of the EQ dynamics have already pointed out that the fracture mechanics of the stressed crust of the earth forms self-similar fault patterns, with welldefined fractal dimensionalities (Kagan et al, 1982;Sahimi et al, 1993;Barriere and Turcotte, 1991). (iv) Following the observations of the self-similarity in various length scales in the roughness of the fractured solid surfaces (Chakrabarti, B. and Benguigui, 1997;Chakrabarti, B. and Stinchocombe, 1999) have proposed that the contact area distribution between two fractal surfaces follows a unique power law.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of fractional-Brownian-motion-type asperity model for earthquake generation in candidate pre-seismic electromagnetic emissions

Eftaxias

Contoyiannis

Balasis

et al. 2008

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Many aspects of earthquake generation still escape our full understanding. Observations of electromagnetic emissions preceding significant earthquakes provide one of the few cases of premonitory events that are possibly related to a subsequent earthquake. Understanding the factors that control electromagnetic precursors generation seems to be important for determining how significant earthquakes nucleate. Here we report the results of a comprehensive study of the appearance of individual patterns in candidate electromagnetic precursors possibly indicating the breaking of backbone of large and strong asperities that sustain the activated fault. The search of precursory patterns is mainly based on well documented scaling properties of fault surface topology. More precisely, we argue that the candidate electromagnetic precursors might be originated during the slipping of two rough and rigid fractional-Brownian-motion-type profiles one over the other, with a roughness which is consistent with field and laboratory studies. The results also imply that the activation of a single earthquake (fault) is a reduced selfaffine image of the whole regional seismicity and a magnified self-affine image of the laboratory seismicity.

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“…The largest event on the fault network cannot occur until regional criticality has been achieved and stress is consequently correlated at all length scales up to the size of the region. The growth of the spatial correlation length obeys a power law with a singularity in the critical point [92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]. This large event destroys, after its occurrence, the criticality on its associated network, creating a period of relative quiescence, after which the process repeats by rebuilding correlation lengths towards criticality and the next large event.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Precursory Khz Em Activity In Terms Of Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are There Pre-Seismic Electromagnetic Precursors? A Multidisciplinary Approach

Eftaxias¹

2012

Earthquake Research and Analysis - Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

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11www.intechopen.com 2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH spectrum ranging from kHz to MHz are produced by opening cracks, which can be considered as the so-called precursors of general fracture. The radiated EM precursors are detectable both at a laboratory [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and geological scale .Data collection: Since 1994, a station has been installed and operated at a mountainous site of Zante island (37.76 o N − 20.76 o E) in the Ionian Sea (western Greece). The main aim of this station is the detection of kHz-MHz EM precursors. Six loop antennas detect the three components (EW, NS, and vertical) of the variations of the magnetic field at 3 kHz and 10 kHz respectively; three vertical λ/2 electric dipoles detect the electric field variations at 41, 54 MHz, and 135 MHz respectively. These frequencies were selected in order to minimize the effects of the sources of man-made noise in the mountain area of the Zante Island. Moreover, two Short Thin Wire Antennas, oriented at EW and NS directions of length of 100 m, respectively, have been also installed. The aim of the last installation is the detection of ultra-low-frequency (< 1Hz) EM precursors rooted in a preseismic lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere-coupling. All the EM time series were sampled at 1 Hz. Such an experimental setup helps to specify not only whether or not a single EM anomaly is preseismic in itself, but also whether a sequence of EM disturbances at different frequencies, which are emerged one after the other in a short time period, could be characterized as preseismic one. Clear such EM precursors have been detected over periods ranging from approximately a week to a few hours prior to catastrophic EQs that occurred in Greece or Italy (e.g., [21,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]). We emphasize that the detected precursors were associated with EQs: (i) occurred in land (or near coast-line); (ii) were strong, i.e., with magnitude 6 or larger; and (iii) were shallow. Recent results indicate that the recorded EM precursors contain information characteristic of an ensuing seismic event (e.g., [21,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]).An important feature, observed both at laboratory and geophysical scale, is that it the MHz radiation precedes the kHz one [25,[27][28][29]35,36]. Studies on the small (laboratory) scale reveal that the kHz EM emission is launched in the tail of pre-fracture EM emission from 97% up to 100% of the corresponding failure strength [25 and references therein]. At the geophysical scale the kHz EM precursors are emerged from a few days up to a few hours before the EQ occurrence. The association of MHz, kHz EM precursors with the last stages of EQ generation is justified.The origin of EM emissions. The origin of EM emissions from fracture is not completely clear, and different attempts have been made in order to explain it [8, 32 and references therein]. A relevant attempt is related to the "capacitor model" [32]. In many materials, emission of photons, electrons, ions and neutral p...

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Fractal distribution of earthquake hypocenters and its relation to fault patterns and percolation

Cited by 95 publications

References 23 publications

Scaling behavior of earthquakes’ inter-events time series

Scaling behavior of earthquakes’ inter-events time series

Evidence of fractional-Brownian-motion-type asperity model for earthquake generation in candidate pre-seismic electromagnetic emissions

Are There Pre-Seismic Electromagnetic Precursors? A Multidisciplinary Approach

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