Four philosophical images of man and nursing from Krąpiec’s perspective

Abstract

Philosophy presents many different theories on man. While some complement one another, others contradict. Some theories underscore the exceptional or unique character of the human condition, whereas other theories emphasize its ordinary character. According to Krąpiec, the knowledge on man provided by philosophical anthropology has been repressed to the margins of science and replaced by scientific knowledge (Krąpiec, 2005, p. 21). Contemporary medicine, together with other detailed sciences (e.g. psychology, pedagogy and genetics), has assumed the right to comprehensive knowledge on man and to speak about man not only in matters concerning human functioning but also on the purpose and value of man's life or his being, depriving philosophy of this role. This has led to many misunderstandings and a deformation of the overall image of man (Krąpiec, 2005, p. 24).Two opinions may be found on the link between nursing and philosophy. Some argue that nursing and philosophy cannot be combined, since nursing is focused on doing while philosophy concentrates on thinking. Others suggest that there are some philosophical ideas underlying nursing, which are related to metaphysical, anthropological, epistemological and ethical assumptions (Watson, 2018, pp. 9-16). It should be stressed that nursing, like many other scientific disciplines, has its roots in philosophy (Krąpiec, 2005, pp. 22-23). Therefore, nursing must not renounce philosophy. There are certain links between nursing and philosophy. First of all, nurses, whether they want to or not, are always involved in some kind of philosophy that they either use or create themselves. A nurse is 'condemned' to 'be married' to philosophy. Secondly, it is extremely important that the nurse knows the philosophy she is associated with and wants to use. In the same way that not every marriage can be considered successful, not every 'relationship' with philosophy

Is Dignity Still Necessary in Health Care? From Definition to Recognition of Human Dignity

“…psychology) shows, humans do not always behave as rational beings (Skinner, 1987 ). Although there are many philosophical theories of the human being, almost every form of philosophical anthropology has been criticised (Ferdynus, 2021 ).…”

Five reasons why a conversational artificial intelligence cannot be treated as a moral agent in psychotherapy

“…Some people may want or even like to communicate with CAI about existential matters, but the conversation would not be real. In addition, it seems that in emotionally difficult situations, a person wants recognition for their courage, suffering, loss, and harm, not a superficial simulation of compassion [8,[16][17]. The clear lack of relevant moral qualities that humans possess does not allow CAI to be recognised as a moral agent.…”

Is it true that all human beings have dignity?

“…Various typologies of dignity and different understandings of the term 'dignity' appear in the literature (e.g., Ferdynus, 2021;Franco et al, 2021;Fuseini et al, 2022;Gallagher, 2004;Jacobson, 2009;Leget, 2013;Nordenfelt, 2004;Schroeder, 2008). However, there are still insufficient philosophical arguments to justify why all human beings have dignity.…”

“…Some scholars argue that the term ‘dignity’ is useless and ‘can be eliminated without any loss of content’ (Macklin, 2003); others believe that this term is useful for medical ethics (Hofmann, 2020; Killmister, 2010). Various typologies of dignity and different understandings of the term ‘dignity’ appear in the literature (e.g., Ferdynus, 2021; Franco et al, 2021; Fuseini et al, 2022; Gallagher, 2004; Jacobson, 2009; Leget, 2013; Nordenfelt, 2004; Schroeder, 2008). However, there are still insufficient philosophical arguments to justify why all human beings have dignity.…”