Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

Avila-Sanchez, Sergio; Gutiérrez, José Santos López; Negro, Vicente; Esteban, M. Dolores

doi:10.3390/jmse7120441

Cited by 62 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In addition to their apparently conceptual simplicity, monopile foundations, seen in Figure 1A, are far from the usual standards of onshore engineering. This is mainly due to their size and usage of a transition piece between the pile and wind turbine tower [22,23].…”

Section: Monopilementioning

confidence: 99%

Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid

et al. 2020

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Most offshore wind farms built thus far are based on waters below 30 m deep, either using big diameter steel monopiles or a gravity base. Now, offshore windfarms are starting to be installed in deeper waters and the use of these structures—used for oil and gas like jackets and tripods—is becoming more competitive. Setting aside these calls for direct or fixed foundations, and thinking of water depths beyond 50 m, there is a completely new line of investigation focused on the usage of floating structures; TLP (tension leg platform), Spar (large deep craft cylindrical floating caisson), and semisubmersible are the most studied. We analyze these in detail at the end of this document. Nevertheless, it is foreseen that we must still wait sometime before these solutions, based on floating structures, can become truth from a commercial point of view, due to the higher cost, rather than direct or fixed foundations. In addition, it is more likely that some technical modifications in the wind turbines will have to be implemented to improve their function. Regarding wind farm connections to grid, it can be found from traditional designs such as radial, star or ring. On the other hand, for wind generator modeling, classifications can be established, modeling the wind turbine and modeling the wind farm. Finally, for the wind generator control, the main strategies are: passive stall, active stall, and pitch control; and when it is based on wind generation zone: fixed speed and variable speed. Lastly, the trend is to use strategies based on synchronous machines, as the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and the wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG).

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Section: Monopilementioning

confidence: 99%

Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid

et al. 2020

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“…In the area of renewable energy, offshore wind occupies an eminent position. Since the onset of offshore wind farm construction, monopiles constitute the dominant foundation concept used in shallow and intermediate water depths [1,2]. Installation of monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) is a considerably challenging operation and the associated cost comprises a significant part of the total budget for an offshore wind farm [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Installation of Large-Diameter Monopiles: Introducing Wave Dispersion and Non-Local Soil Reaction

Tsetas

Tsouvalas

Metrikine

2021

JMSE

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During the last decade the offshore wind industry grew ceaselessly and engineering challenges continuously arose in that area. Installation of foundation piles, known as monopiles, is one of the most critical phases in the construction of offshore wind farms. Prior to installation a drivability study is performed, by means of pile driving models. Since the latter have been developed for small-diameter piles, their applicability for the analysis of large-diameter monopiles is questionable. In this paper, a three-dimensional axisymmetric pile driving model with non-local soil reaction is presented. This new model aims to capture properly the propagation of elastic waves excited by impact piling and address non-local soil reaction. These effects are not addressed in the available approaches to predict drivability and are deemed critical for large-diameter monopiles. Predictions of the new model are compared to those of a one-dimensional model typically used nowadays. A numerical study is performed to showcase the disparities between the two models, stemming from the effect of wave dispersion and non-local soil reaction. The findings of this numerical study affirmed the significance of both mechanisms and the need for further developments in drivability modeling, notably for large-diameter monopiles.

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“…The tendency today is to use more and more renewable energy sources, but care must be taken to ensure that the produced resources are properly used in the form of electricity [5,6]. New energy sources produce only a small fraction of the world's total energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electricity Usage Efficiency and Electricity Demand Modeling in the Case of Germany and the UK

et al. 2020

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In this article, monthly and yearly electricity consumption predictions for the German power market were calculated using the multiple variable regression model. This model accounts for several factors that are often neglected when forecasting electricity demand in practice, in particular the role of the higher efficiency of electricity usage from year to year. The analysis performed in this paper helps to explain why no growth in power consumption has been observed in Germany during the last decade. It shows that the electricity efficiency usage dataset is a relevant input for the model, which mitigates the combined impact of other factors on the final electricity consumption. The electricity demand forecasting model presented in this article was built in the year 2013 with forecasts for the future years’ electricity demand in Germany provided until 2020. These forecasts and related findings are also evaluated in this article.

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Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

Cited by 62 publications

References 61 publications

Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid

Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid

Installation of Large-Diameter Monopiles: Introducing Wave Dispersion and Non-Local Soil Reaction

Electricity Usage Efficiency and Electricity Demand Modeling in the Case of Germany and the UK

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