Formation and travel of vortices in model ventricles: Application to the design of skeletal muscle ventricles

Shortland, Adam P; Black, Richard A.; Jarvis, Jonathan C.; Henry, F. S.; Iudicello, F.; Collins, M. W.; Salmons, Stanley

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(95)00065-8

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

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“…Asymmetry has been classically related to the geometry of mitral and noncoaxial flow orientation along the ventricular long axis (20). The results of our study additionally reveal the importance of the interaction of the vortex with the ventricular wall, as previously suggested (37). Here, we show that, by the time of aortic valve opening, the major determinant of vortex KE was the ventricular shortaxis diameter.…”

Section: Vortex Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 82%

Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

Bermejo

Benito

Alhama

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Vortices may have a role in optimizing the mechanical efficiency and blood mixing of the left ventricle (LV). We aimed to characterize the size, position, circulation, and kinetic energy (KE) of LV main vortex cores in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) and analyze their physiological correlates. We used digital processing of color-Doppler images to study flow evolution in 61 patients with NIDCM and 61 age-matched control subjects. Vortex features showed a characteristic biphasic temporal course during diastole. Because late filling contributed significantly to flow entrainment, vortex KE reached its maximum at the time of the peak A wave, storing 26 ± 20% of total KE delivered by inflow (range: 1-74%). Patients with NIDCM showed larger and stronger vortices than control subjects (circulation: 0.008 ± 0.007 vs. 0.006 ± 0.005 m(2)/s, respectively, P = 0.02; KE: 7 ± 8 vs. 5 ± 5 mJ/m, P = 0.04), even when corrected for LV size. This helped confining the filling jet in the dilated ventricle. The vortex Reynolds number was also higher in the NIDCM group. By multivariate analysis, vortex KE was related to the KE generated by inflow and to chamber short-axis diameter. In 21 patients studied head to head, Doppler measurements of circulation and KE closely correlated with phase-contract magnetic resonance values (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82 and 0.76, respectively). Thus, the biphasic nature of filling determines normal vortex physiology. Vortex formation is exaggerated in patients with NIDCM due to chamber remodeling, and enlarged vortices are helpful for ameliorating convective pressure losses and facilitating transport. These findings can be accurately studied using ultrasound.

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Section: Vortex Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 82%

Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

Bermejo

Benito

Alhama

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…Shortly thereafter, in the second phase high speed blood from the atrium through the mitral annulus forms an inflow jet which advances more slowly; the motion of this structure has been linked to the formation of a vortex ring in the LV [44, 52], and its speed may be related to LV stiffness [53]. In-vitro work by Shortland et al showed that the growth and motion of this vortex ring is sensitive to heart geometry, valve diameter, and the filling pattern, but made little mention of possible consequences of these flow changes on the health of normal left ventricles other than to speculate certain patterns might reduce blood residence time at the apex [43]. Later work by Gharib et al using in-vivo ultrasound scans and in-vitro experimental observations suggested that the duration of diastole in a healthy heart maximizes the momentum captured in the vortex ring without forcing it to pinch off from the jet [15, 24, 23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vortices Formed on the Mitral Valve Tips Aid Normal Left Ventricular Filling

et al. 2013

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For the left ventricle (LV) to function as an effective pump it must be able to fill from a low left atrial pressure. However, this ability is lost in patients with heart failure. We investigated LV filling by imaging the cardiac blood flow using 2D phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and quantified the intraventricular pressure gradients and the strength and location of vortices. In normal subjects, blood flows towards the apex prior to the mitral valve opening, and the mitral annulus moves rapidly away after the valve opens, with both effects enhancing the vortex ring at the mitral valve tips. Instead of being a passive by-product of the process as was previously believed, this ring facilitates filling by reducing convective losses and enhancing the function of the LV as a suction pump. The virtual channel thus created by the vortices may help insure efficient mass transfer for the left atrium to the LV apex. Impairment of this mechanism contributes to diastolic dysfunction, with LV filling becoming dependent on left atrial pressure, which can lead to eventual heart failure. Better understanding of the mechanics of this progression may lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

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“…With this apparatus, we showed that flow was dominated by the formation of coherent vortices. We explored the dependence of these structures on pulse shape, amplitude and frequency, and the influence of inlet configuration and flow in the pumped circuit ( 32). We were able to show that extended quiescent periods at the end of the filling phase generated travelling vortices, which acted as mixing structures, reducing the residence time of fluid in the apex of the ventricle ( 33).…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permanent Cardiac Assistance from Skeletal Muscle: A Prospect for the New Millennium

Salmons

1999

Artificial Organs

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This paper looks at the prospects for new surgical solutions to the problem of end-stage heart failure based on cardiac assistance from skeletal muscle. The current status of the main biological approaches, cardiomyoplasty, aortomyoplasty, and the skeletal muscle ventricle, are discussed, followed by a consideration of some of the important basic issues that need to be addressed if these techniques are to achieve their full potential. Although there is a review element to the paper, the main emphasis is on the work of our own research group and collaborating workers.

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Formation and travel of vortices in model ventricles: Application to the design of skeletal muscle ventricles

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

Vortices Formed on the Mitral Valve Tips Aid Normal Left Ventricular Filling

Permanent Cardiac Assistance from Skeletal Muscle: A Prospect for the New Millennium

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