Forensic toxicology of some orphemadrine-related deaths

Full recovery from a potentially lethal dose of orphenadrine ingestion using conservative treatment: A case report

“…3 Excessive orphenadrine ingestion has been associated with convulsions and hemodynamic instability that manifested shock and fatal dysrrhythmia within 3-5 hours post ingestion. [3][4][5] In one report, the dose leading to death was only 1-1.5 g. 6 In contrary to previous reports, our patient presented with repetitive convulsions and anterior shoulder dislocation. The patient had no previous history of shoulder dislocation.…”

Full recovery from a potentially lethal dose of orphenadrine ingestion using conservative treatment: A case report

“…3 Excessive orphenadrine ingestion has been associated with convulsions and hemodynamic instability that manifested shock and fatal dysrrhythmia within 3-5 hours post ingestion. [3][4][5] In one report, the dose leading to death was only 1-1.5 g. 6 In contrary to previous reports, our patient presented with repetitive convulsions and anterior shoulder dislocation. The patient had no previous history of shoulder dislocation.…”

Simultaneous determination of ten antihistamine drugs in human plasma using pipette tip solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

“…Antihistamines are drugs widely used for the treatment of allergic reactions, such as urticaria and allergic rhinitis, and for sedatives and antiemetics 1. Human poisoning, caused by accidental or intentional ingestion of antihistamines and in combination with other drugs, has been reported 2–8. Therefore, methods for the extraction and determination of the drugs from human samples are required both for diagnosis and effective treatment of the intoxication and for forensic purposes.…”

“…Antihistamines have usually been extracted from human body fluids by liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) with organic solvents such as butyl acetate,9 n‐hexane,10 toluene,11 n‐heptane/ethyl acetate,12 n‐pentane/isopropanol,13 isoamyl alcohol/ether,14 or n‐hexane/dichloromethane/isopropanol,15 solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with Sep‐Pak C 18 16, 17 or Oasis HLB cartridges,18, 19 and solid‐phase microextraction,20 before their analyses by gas chromatography (GC),3, 4, 11, 14, 16, 20 GC/mass spectrometry (MS),6, 8, 17 high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),10, 13, 19 HPLC/MS,21 HPLC/MS/MS,9, 12, 15 and capillary electrophoresis 18, 22. However, there are several disadvantages associated with conventional extraction procedures such as LLE and SPE 23–27.…”

Full recovery from a potentially lethal dose of orphenadrine ingestion using conservative treatment: A case report

“…3 Excessive orphenadrine ingestion has been associated with convulsions and hemodynamic instability that manifested shock and fatal dysrrhythmia within 3-5 hours post ingestion. [3][4][5] In one report, the dose leading to death was only 1-1.5 g. 6 In contrary to previous reports, our patient presented with repetitive convulsions and anterior shoulder dislocation. The patient had no previous history of shoulder dislocation.…”

Simultaneous determination of ten antihistamine drugs in human plasma using pipette tip solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

“…Antihistamines are drugs widely used for the treatment of allergic reactions, such as urticaria and allergic rhinitis, and for sedatives and antiemetics 1. Human poisoning, caused by accidental or intentional ingestion of antihistamines and in combination with other drugs, has been reported 2–8. Therefore, methods for the extraction and determination of the drugs from human samples are required both for diagnosis and effective treatment of the intoxication and for forensic purposes.…”

“…Antihistamines have usually been extracted from human body fluids by liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) with organic solvents such as butyl acetate,9 n‐hexane,10 toluene,11 n‐heptane/ethyl acetate,12 n‐pentane/isopropanol,13 isoamyl alcohol/ether,14 or n‐hexane/dichloromethane/isopropanol,15 solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with Sep‐Pak C 18 16, 17 or Oasis HLB cartridges,18, 19 and solid‐phase microextraction,20 before their analyses by gas chromatography (GC),3, 4, 11, 14, 16, 20 GC/mass spectrometry (MS),6, 8, 17 high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),10, 13, 19 HPLC/MS,21 HPLC/MS/MS,9, 12, 15 and capillary electrophoresis 18, 22. However, there are several disadvantages associated with conventional extraction procedures such as LLE and SPE 23–27.…”

Full recovery from a potentially lethal dose of orphenadrine ingestion using conservative treatment: A case report

“…3 Excessive orphenadrine ingestion has been associated with convulsions and hemodynamic instability that manifested shock and fatal dysrrhythmia within 3-5 hours post ingestion. [3][4][5] In one report, the dose leading to death was only 1-1.5 g. 6 In contrary to previous reports, our patient presented with repetitive convulsions and anterior shoulder dislocation. The patient had no previous history of shoulder dislocation.…”

Simultaneous determination of ten antihistamine drugs in human plasma using pipette tip solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

“…Antihistamines are drugs widely used for the treatment of allergic reactions, such as urticaria and allergic rhinitis, and for sedatives and antiemetics 1. Human poisoning, caused by accidental or intentional ingestion of antihistamines and in combination with other drugs, has been reported 2–8. Therefore, methods for the extraction and determination of the drugs from human samples are required both for diagnosis and effective treatment of the intoxication and for forensic purposes.…”

“…Antihistamines have usually been extracted from human body fluids by liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) with organic solvents such as butyl acetate,9 n‐hexane,10 toluene,11 n‐heptane/ethyl acetate,12 n‐pentane/isopropanol,13 isoamyl alcohol/ether,14 or n‐hexane/dichloromethane/isopropanol,15 solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with Sep‐Pak C 18 16, 17 or Oasis HLB cartridges,18, 19 and solid‐phase microextraction,20 before their analyses by gas chromatography (GC),3, 4, 11, 14, 16, 20 GC/mass spectrometry (MS),6, 8, 17 high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),10, 13, 19 HPLC/MS,21 HPLC/MS/MS,9, 12, 15 and capillary electrophoresis 18, 22. However, there are several disadvantages associated with conventional extraction procedures such as LLE and SPE 23–27.…”