Foot and ankle joint movements inside orthoses for children with spastic CP

Abstract

We compared the ankle joint and foot segment kinematics of pediatric cerebral palsy (CP) participants walking with and without orthoses. A six segment foot model (6SF) was used to track foot motion. Holes were cut in the study orthoses so that electromagnetic markers could be directly placed on the skin. The Hinged Ankle Foot Orthoses (HAFO) allowed a significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion as compared to the barefoot condition during gait, but significantly constrained sagittal forefoot motion and forefoot sagittal range of motion (ROM) (p < 0.01), which may be detrimental. The Solid Ankle Foot Orthoses (SAFO) constrained forefoot ROM as compared to barefoot gait (p < 0.01). The 6SF model did not confirm that the SAFO can control excessive plantarflexion for those with severe plantarflexor spasticity. The supramalleolar orthosis (SMO) significantly (p < 0.01) constrained forefoot ROM as compared to barefoot gait at the beginning and end of the stance phase, which could be detrimental. The SMO had no effects observed in the coronal plane.

Long‐Term Effects of Orthoses Use on the Changes of Foot and Ankle Joint Motions of Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy

“…Contrary to previous reports, the SMO showed no effects in the coronal plane. However, our study demonstrated immediate effects of an orthosis intervention [10].…”

“…Although most SAFOs allow some ankle dorsiflexion, some have proposed that HAFOs provide a more natural kinematic and kinetic function [6,9]. Our previous study investigated the immediate effects of orthoses and confirmed that SAFO constrained forefoot range of motion (ROM) and did not control excessive plantar flexion [10]. Contrary to previous reports, the SMO showed no effects in the coronal plane.…”

“…Sagittal forefoot motion during AFO gait and during barefoot gait for the final visit. Visit 1 changes could be referred to our initial visit study [10]. AFO = ankle foot orthosis; SMO = supramalleolar orthotic.…”

“…These landmarks were positioned by palpating anatomic landmarks. Exact sensor locations could be referred to our previous AFO study [10,19]. Holes were cut in the orthoses by a pedorthotist during the first visit to allow sensor placement on the anatomic landmarks of the foot and expanded if necessary during the final visit.…”

Hg(0) Removal Using Se(0)-doped Montmorillonite from Selenite(IV)

“…[1][2][3][4] It has been reported that it can capture both of the elemental and oxidized forms of mercury vapors by possible mercuric sulfide (HgS) formation. 5 Among various sulfur functional groups generated from elemental sulfur on the activated carbon surface at a wide impregnation temperature window, the elemental sulfur functional group turned out to be the main sulfur form responsible for Hg(0) adsorption onto sulfur-impregnated activated carbon.…”