Food Security: Food Defense and Biosecurity ☆

Detection of Irradiated Food and Evaluation of the Given Dose by Electron Spin Resonance, Thermoluminescence, and Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis

“…The return on investment for food defense infrastructure is more difficult to rationalize than the return on investment for food safety precautions. Furthermore, food safety programs are required by policy, while food defense programs are not yet (Frederickson, 2014). • Certain intentional contamination scenarios are probably underestimated, with the consequence that the food industry does not invest to control them.…”

“…As an example, before September 11, 2001, nobody had ever expected that civil airplanes would crash into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York. Specialists in terrorist attacks were completely taken by surprise (Frederickson, 2014). • Years ago people obtained their food locally, while now local, regional, and national food systems have become intertwined in a global food network, designed to move food (including perishable goods) rapidly from producers to consumers.…”

“…Toxic chemicals used as agents in malicious acts of food tampering are man-made (e.g., pesticides, industrial cleaning agents, lubricants, ethylene glycol, chemical waste), from natural inorganic (e.g., cyanide, arsenic, mercury, thallium, and bleach) or natural organic (e.g., allergens, botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum, ε-toxin produced by C. perfringens, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, ricin from castor beans, strychnine produced by Strychnos nuxvomica) origin (FBI, 2007;Frederickson, 2014). In China, in 2001, a total of 120 citizens fell ill from eating noodles that had been contaminated with rat poison at the factory.…”

“…However, it is difficult to obtain enough radioactive material to sicken a large number of people due to dilution of the radioactive agent in the food, and access to radioactive materials is usually limited. In several cases, the adversary worked in a laboratory setting and had legitimate access to the radioactive agents (Dalziel, 2009;Frederickson, 2014;Mara and McGrath, 2009).…”

Os conceitos de defesa dos alimentos (<i>Food Defense</i>) e fraude em alimentos (<i>Food Fraud</i>) aplicados em fábrica de temperos cárneos: um estudo de caso

“…Considera também primordial que cada um desses segmentos crie programas para evitar a contaminação intencional na cadeia dos alimentos.O plano de Defesa dos alimentos pode se sobrepor ao planode Food Safety (segurança dos alimentos), pois ambos têm a intenção de prevenir a contaminação no alimento. A diferença entre eles é que o plano Food Safety envolve esforços para evitar a contaminação não intencional, ou seja, acidental, dos produtos alimentares(FREDRICKSON, 2014). Após essa avaliação, estratégias de mitigação podem ser criadas com o intuito de proteger a empresa contra os ataques intencionais de fraude.O plano implantado pode proteger a indústria de possíveis perdas econômicas, pode gerar redução de custos por ataques de vandalismos/terroristas e pode trazer vantagens competitivas em relação a outras indústrias.…”