Food processor and retailer non-GMO standards in the US and EU and the driving role of regulations

Castellari, Elena; Soregaroli, Claudio; Venus, Thomas J.; Wesseler, Justus

doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.02.010

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…If NPBTs do not fall under the GMO regulation, labeling for food products will be simplified and it reduces costs. A voluntary market for negative labeling in the form of "does not contain…" may emerge similarly to what has been observed in the case of GMOs in the US and the EU (e.g., Castellari et al, 2018;Venus et al, 2018). The advantage of such a labeling scheme is that it is a market-driven response to a demand among some consumers, and similar to products sold under an organic label.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Food and feed products derived from the use of NPBTs also need to comply, as other food and feed products, with the EU laws on food and feed (Purnhagen, 2019). Furthermore, many countries have implemented labeling policies for GMOs that make GMOs differentiated products from non-GMOs (Castellari et al, 2018). This poses an additional challenge when there is no detectable difference between NPBTs and "conventional" products for international trade, product differentiation via labeling, and coexistence.…”

Section: The Economics Of Regulating New Plant Breeding Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Economics of Regulating New Plant Breeding Technologies - Implications for the Bioeconomy Illustrated by a Survey Among Dutch Plant Breeders

2019

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New plant breeding technologies (NPBTs) are increasingly used for developing new plants with novel traits. The science tells us that those plants in general are as safe as than those once developed using "conventional" plant breeding methods. The knowledge about the induced changes and properties of the new plants by using NPBTs is more precise. This should lead to the conclusion that plants developed using NPBTs should not be regulated differently than those developed using "conventional" plant breeding methods. This contribution discusses the economics of regulating new plant breeding technologies. We first develop the theoretical model and elaborate on the different regulatory approaches being used and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Then we provide a perspectives on EU regulation around mutagenesis-based New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBT), formed by new insights from a survey among Dutch plant breeding companies. The survey measures the attitude of breeding companies towards the ruling of the EU Court of Justice that subjected the use of CRISPR-Cas in the development of new plant varieties under the general EU regulations around GMOs. The results show that plant breeders experience a financial barrier because of the ruling, with perceived negative impact on competitiveness and investments in CRISPR-Cas as a result. The degree of negative impact differs however significantly among seed-sectors and company sizes. One of the most striking results was the relative optimism of companies in the sector about more lenient legislation in the next five years, despite the stated negative effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: The Economics Of Regulating New Plant Breeding Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economics of Regulating New Plant Breeding Technologies - Implications for the Bioeconomy Illustrated by a Survey Among Dutch Plant Breeders

2019

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“…For example, non-genetically modified (GM) products (e.g., soybean meals in animal feed) are increasingly popular among consumers. Agro-food businesses are diversifying their products to respond to this demand, both in Europe and the United States [56,57]. These new products provide a unique opportunity to develop legumes, which can replace GM soybean meal; however, political and economic questions can arise with non-GM certification [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Drivers of Legume Production: Approached via Opportunity Costs and Transaction Costs

2019

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Crop diversification is one of the main mechanisms identified for developing a more sustainable agriculture. Legumes are interesting diversifying crops to add to crop rotations because of their many positive impacts on agronomic systems. Nonetheless, production of these crops remains relatively low in Europe, in part because of socio-economic factors. The objective of this study was to analyze how the economic attractiveness of legumes may be influenced by two factors: opportunity costs and transaction costs. The method is divided into three steps. First, we built a database of opportunity costs of legumes from a literature review. Second, we qualitatively characterized transaction costs associated with exchange of legumes between producers and collectors. Third, we qualitatively analyzed if contracts currently offered in western France decreased transaction costs. For comparison, transaction costs of linseed were also studied. Our results indicate that legumes are economically attractive at the rotation scale due to zero or negative opportunity costs, but that their transaction costs are high. The contracts studied do not decrease these transaction costs sufficiently, in particular because uncertainties in price remain high in half of these contracts. Downstream differentiation seems necessary to decrease transaction costs by creating added value along the entire agro-food chain.

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“…In Federal Register it is states that "Any genetic modification technique has the potential to alter the composition of food in a manner relevant to food safety, although, based on experience, the likelihood of a safety hazard is typically very low" and " … has no basis for concluding that bioengineered foods differ from other foods in any meaningful or uniform way, or that, as a class, foods developed by the new techniques present any different or greater safety concern than foods developed by traditional plant breeding". 34,35 These statements imply that there is no difference in terms of safety standards for GM and non-GM food products, according to FDA. The FDA's approach towards GM-foods is also valid for enzymes from GM and non-GM sources.…”

Section: International Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving regulatory policies regarding food enzymes produced by recombinant microorganisms

Kocabaş

Grumet

2019

GM Crops & Food

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Bio-based industries rely extensively on the use of enzymatic biocatalysts. The global market for industrial enzymes, of which approximately half is used for food applications, is estimated at $5.5 billion. Most enzymes used in food production worldwide are produced by recombinant DNA techniques. Production and use of food enzymes are regulated by three main bodies: the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives; the European Food Safety Authority; and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Regulation in the U.S. follows a largely product-oriented approach while the EU emphasizes production processes. Both systems have, or are developing, lists of approved enzymes to facilitate trade while protecting consumer health and welfare. This paper compares regulatory policies, and presents the growing food industry in Turkey as a case study of a national system responding to the food enzyme production and regulatory landscape.

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Food processor and retailer non-GMO standards in the US and EU and the driving role of regulations

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

The Economics of Regulating New Plant Breeding Technologies - Implications for the Bioeconomy Illustrated by a Survey Among Dutch Plant Breeders

The Economics of Regulating New Plant Breeding Technologies - Implications for the Bioeconomy Illustrated by a Survey Among Dutch Plant Breeders

Economic Drivers of Legume Production: Approached via Opportunity Costs and Transaction Costs

Evolving regulatory policies regarding food enzymes produced by recombinant microorganisms

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