Food-borne patulin toxicity is related to gut barrier disruption and can be prevented by docosahexaenoic acid and probiotic supplementation

Abstract

Patulin toxicity is related to gut barrier disruption and can be prevented by docosahexaenoic acid and probiotic supplementation.

Intestinal Barrier, Claudins and Mycotoxins

“…Patulin has been classified by IARC in group-3 (not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans) [201,202]. The potential effect of patulin on the gastrointestinal tract results primarily from the reduction of TJs' mRNA (including ZO-1 and Occludin) and degeneration of intestinal villi [203,204]. In addition, in animal models, PAT exposure has been shown to lead to epithelial degeneration, hemorrhage, ulceration of gastric mucosa, reduction in the number of goblet cells in villi and crypts [205,206].…”

Penicillium expansum Impact and Patulin Accumulation on Conventional and Traditional Apple Cultivars

“…This is manifested in the form of soft rot of the whole fruit, part of the fruit or localized dark spots on the fruit skin and limited tanning of the fruit meat on the cross-section of the fruit. In addition to the reduction of apple quality, secondary metabolism of P. expansum produces patulin, a mycotoxin that could lead to acute, subacute and chronic toxic problems, including genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity [5][6][7][8]. Most often, infection with mycotoxigenic fungi takes place through damaged surfaces, insect wounds or splits that can occur from growing to postharvest storage and markets.…”

Lactobacillus plantarum 06CC2 reduces hepatic cholesterol levels and modulates bile acid deconjugation in Balb/c mice fed a high‐cholesterol diet

“…Among LAB, certain strains of Lactobacillus plantarum are shown to be useful for the reduction of the risk associated with cholesterol disorder in mice (Qu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2019) and humans (Bukowska et al., 1998; Fuentes et al., 2013; Higashikawa et al., 2010). Several molecular mechanisms of this effect have been proposed as follows; assimilation of cholesterol (Dora & Glenn, 2002; Lim et al., 2017; Michael et al., 2016), promotion of bile acid or cholesterol excretion (Li et al., 2014; Qu et al., 2020; Zhai et al., 2019), and manipulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism (Kim et al., 2014; Qu et al., 2020) In the context of these findings, it is of note that recent systematic study in L. plantarum showed ability to deconjugate bile acids (Prete et al., 2020). The apical sodium‐dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)/ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT)/solute carrier family 10 member 2 (SLC10A2) is highly expressed in the small intestine, and most of the conjugated bile acids secreted into the gastrointestinal lumen are absorbed through these transporters (Aguiar Vallim et al., 2013).…”