Foliar epidermal micromorphology and its taxonomic significance in <i>Polygonatum</i> (Asparagaceae) using scanning electron microscopy

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The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) results in the unintentional release into the water body. Therefore, understanding of the potentially harmful impacts of AgNPs and Ag‐salt on aquatic animals is a need of time. This study was design to analyze the oxidative stress and histopathological damages in Cyprinus carpio. The synthesis of AgNPs from Halymenia porphyraeformis and by reduction of chemical was done. Nanoparticles were characterized with UV–Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The comparative toxicological effect of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ch‐AgNPs), green silver nanoparticles (Gr‐AgNPs), and Ag‐salt on C. carpio was analyzed. For oxidative stress analysis, different tests Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase, glutathione reduction (GST), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) were performed. The highest LPO 245.168 ± 0.034 was recorded in Ch‐AgNPs‐treated gills and the lowest 56.4532 ± 0.02 was found in Gr‐AgNPs‐treated liver. Maximum GSH 56.4065 ± 0.13 was observed in Gr‐AgNPs liver and minimum 40.781 ± 0.54 was recorded in Ag‐salt gills. The maximum quantity of catalase 68.0162 ± 0.09 was noted in the Ag‐salt‐treated liver and the minimum was calculated 17.3665 ± 0.01 in the liver of Ch‐AgNPs and highest values of GST 765.829 ± 0.11 were recorded in gills of Gr‐AgNPs and lowest 633.08 ± 0.26 in the liver of Ch‐AgNPs‐treated fish. In conclusion, maximum destruction was found in the gills and liver of the fish treated with chemical and green AgNPs followed by Ag‐salt as compared to control. The adverse effects of AgNPs and Ag‐salt were probably related to the oxidative stress in the fish that lead to histopathological damage of its vital organs.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of the toxicological effect of silver salt (AgNO₃) and silver nanoparticles on Cyprinus carpio synthesized by chemicals and marine algae using scanning electron microscopy

Liaqat

Hanif

Bahadur

et al. 2021

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“…The systematic value of leaf epidermal characters, such as stomata size, complex type and surface structure are well documented in Liliaceae s.l . (Ali et al, 2020; Klimko et al, 2018; Meng, Wang, & Nie, 2016). However, these leaf micromorphological traits were found to be generally similar across the four Korean Disproum species, except for the size of stomatal complex and the nature of the epidermal cell surfaces (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromorphological differentiation of Korean Disporum species using light and scanning electron microscopy

Kim

Choi

Lee

et al. 2021

The genus Disporum Salisb. is widely distributed in East Asia, yet phylogenetically relevant morphological traits useful for differentiating many of the small, perennial, herbaceous species remain poorly described. To address this, leaf, floral, pollen, and orbicule micromorphology of four Korean Disporum species was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. All Korean Disporum species examined had hypostomatic leaves, with anomocytic stomatal complexes found only on the abaxial epidermis. Guard cell length varied among species, ranging from 44.30 μm in D. viridescens to 53.49 μm in D. uniflorum. The epidermal cells of the investigated Disporum taxa had sinuate anticlinal cell walls on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The surface of the guard and subsidiary cells were either smooth with weak striations or had strongly wrinkled striations. The pollen grains of all Korean Disporum taxa were monads, monosulcate with granular aperture membranes, subprolate to prolate in shape with microreticulate or verrucate exine surfaces. The mean size of pollen grains ranged from 46.38 to 49.92 μm in polar length and from 34.39 to 39.58 μm in equatorial diameter across species. Sexine ornamentation was a taxonomically relevant trait for differentiating Korean Disporum taxa. Additionally, the presence of orbicules as well as the orbicular characters (e.g., size, shape, ornamentation, and association pattern) are described for the first time in species from this genus. The present investigation of leaf and floral micromorphology using light and scanning electron microscopy provides valuable information for the taxonomic differentiation and identification of Disporum species in Korea. Research Highlights A detailed micromorphological description of leaf, floral characters (tepal, stigma, style), pollen and orbicule is provided for Korean Disporum species using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The presence of orbicules and their taxonomic implications in Korean Disporum species are described for the first time. Phylogenetically informative pollen and orbicule micromorphological characters are described, improving understanding the systematic relationships of Korean species in the genus Disproum.

“…In the modern era, the use of scanning electron microscopic study (SEM) has revolutionized bioscience and its various branches, which provides the opportunity to explore consistent features to determine plant taxa, as well as information about the anatomical, palynological and ecological significance of different plant groups (Ali et al, 2020; Ashfaq et al, 2018; Bahadur et al, 2018; Gul et al, 2019; Ishtiaq et al, 2020; Retamales & Scharaschkin, 2015). Pollen morphological characteristics are essential to determine the relationship between species, which can be applied to distinguish species from one another that have similar in physical appearance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen micromorphology of eastern Chinese Polygonatum and its role in taxonomy by using scanning electron microscopy

Ali

Liu

Xia

et al. 2021

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Although considerable progress has recently been made in the taxonomic study of Asparagaceae, but the Polygonatum remains one of the most poorly investigated genus. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim, to document the pollen micromorphology of closely related Polygonatum taxa and its taxonomic significance. Pollen micro‐morphological features were observed using scanning electron microscopy—SEM). The pollen grains are monad, navicular, monocolpate, and radially symmetrical. A significant variation was observed in the exine sculpturing. Moreover, most of the Polygonatum taxa have perforate pollen while some of them were mixed with psilate to perforate, perforate to microreticulate, sometimes scabrate, gemmate with baculate. Hence, this study documented the pollen morphology of Polygonatum taxa and strengthens the taxonomic identification of the genus Polygonatum based on pollen characters, which helps and can be used as an additional tool for the correct identification and discrimination of the species of Polygonatum at generic and species level.