Fold and fault control on the drainage pattern of a double-karst-aquifer system, Winterstaude, Austrian Alps

Abstract

Litostratigrafija in geološke strukture so poglavitne za vpliv na tok podzemne vode v alpski� kraški� sistemi�. Razumevanje te� faktorjev je pomembno za razmejitev vodovarstveni� pasov. Gorska veriga Winterstaude v za�odni Avstriji pripada Helvetskemu pokrovu in se sestoji iz kredni� sedimentni� kamnin, vključno z dvema zakraselima formacijama apnencev: Örfla in Sc�rattenkalk (spodnji in gornji kraški vodonosnik), ki ju ločuje 60 m laporja. Plasti so nagubane in prekinjene s prelomi in premikom za 40-70 m. Nagubane karbonatne kamnine se nadaljujejo pod dnom aluvialne doline, tako da je kraški sistem razdeljen na plitvo in globoko freatično cono. Takšno območje je primerno za proučevanje vpliva gub in prelomov na tok podzemne vode v dvojnem vodonosnem sistemu. Cilj večsledilnega poskusa s sedmimi injicirnimi točkami je bil označitev �idravlični� povezav in linearni� �itrosti toka. Rezultati so pokazali, da (i) potopljene sinklinale tvorijo glavne odvodne poti v gornjem kraškem vodonosniku z najvišjimi linearnimi �itrostmi 91 m/�, medtem ko antiklinale predstavljajo razvodnice; (ii) napajanje spodnjega vodonosnika, ki oblikuje osrednji greben gorske verige, prispeva k izvirom, ki iztekajo iz gornjega vodonosnika ob vznožju gora (lokalni pretočni sistem); (iii) oba vodonosnika sta �idravlično povezana, domnevno preko prelomov, saj je nji�ov zamik istega velikostnega razreda, kot je debelina vmesnega laporja; (iv) tok v gornjem vodonosniku se nadaljuje pod dnom doline proti reki z najvišjimi �itrostmi 22 m/� (vmesni pretočni sistem). Ključne besede: alpska �idrogeologija, sistem veči� vodonosnikov, tok preko formacij, prelomna tektonika, večsledilni poskus, Avstrija.

The effect of low‐permeability fault zones on groundwater flow in a compartmentalized system. Experimental evidence from a carbonate aquifer (Southern Italy)

“…This fault behaviour differs from that observed in other carbonate environments where normal faults act as drains due to their enhanced hydraulic conductivity (e.g. Drogue, ; Adinolfi Facolne et al ., ; Goldscheider and Neukum, ; Prtoljan et al ., ; La Vigna et al ., ). Thus, the studied faulted carbonate aquifers appear to behave similar to other aquifer types such as the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone, in which significant compartmentalization was observed due to the presence of low‐flow fault zones (Mohamed and Worden, ).…”

Groundwater—Surface waters interactions at slope and catchment scales: implications for landsliding in clay‐rich slopes

“…Moreover, local rainfall and snowmelt are generally considered as the only water sources for the recharge of shallow groundwater systems. But the large scale tectonic stresses, which have characterized the development of the mountain chain, may deeply impact the groundwater circulation (Tóth, ; Goldscheider and Neukum, ). The hydrological role of discontinuities have been proven in both lithified and unlithified siliciclastic materials as well as in crystalline and volcanic rocks (Forster and Evans, ; Seaton and Burbey, ; Bense et al, ).…”

Effects of the vadose zone on groundwater flow and solute transport characteristics in mountainous karst aquifers – the case of the Javorniki–Snežnik massif (SW Slovenia)

“…The relatively small percentage of recovered tracer in the case of Blatna Dolina can be explained by hydrological conditions that are unfavourable for tracing in large karst massifs, the great distances to the springs and the injection method, where there is no connected stream from the surface via which the tracer could drain through the vadose zone of a karst aquifer that is several hundred metres thick. We are also led to this conclusion by the results of other tracer tests conducted in areas with a high vadose zone thickness (e.g., Goldscheider & Neukum 2010), although some other influences are possible, including characteristics of flow paths, sediments fillings, etc. (e.g., Stevanović 2015).…”

“…Recharge and subsurface flow mechanisms are conditioned by orography, meteorological conditions (i.e., strong snowmelt or precipitation events), vegetation cover and hydraulic gradients, as well as by the geological and structural context (Kogovšek & Petrič 2004;Becker 2005;Müller et al 2013). Groundwater flow is often dominated by an unsaturated zone that is several hundreds of metres thick, where extremely heterogeneous flow and storage processes prevail, often controlled by geological structure and tectonics (Lastennet & Mudry 1997;Simsek et al 2008;Goldscheider & Neukum 2010;Turk et al 2013). Flow processes are highly dependent on respective hydrological conditions causing groundwater fluctuations of several tens of metres and variations of flow velocity by several orders of magnitude.…”