Foci of Endemic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Wild-Living Eastern Chimpanzees (
            <i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i>
            )

Santiago, Mario L.; Lukasik, Magdalena; Kamenya, Shadrack; Li, Yingying; Bibollet-Ruche, Frédéric; Bailes, Elizabeth; Muller, Martin N.; Emery, Melissa; Goldenberg, David A.; Lwanga, Jeremiah S.; Ayouba, Ahidjo; Nerrienet, Eric; McClure, Harold M.; Heeney, Jonathan L.; Watts, David P.; Pusey, Anne E.; Collins, Dave; Wrangham, Richard W.; Goodall, Jane; Brookfield, John F. Y.; Sharp, Paul M.; Shaw, George M.; Hahn, Beatrice H.

doi:10.1128/jvi.77.13.7545-7562.2003

Cited by 115 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…All fecal samples were screened for the presence of SIVcpz-specific antibodies using an enhanced chemiluminescence Western blot approach as previously reported (15,16,41). Sample integrity was confirmed using an IgG control.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fecal RNA was extracted from SIVcpz antibody-positive samples using an RNAqueous Midi Kit (Ambion) and subjected to reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification using SIVcpzspecific pol, gp41, and gp41/nef consensus primers as previously described (15,16,37,41,42). All amplicons were gel purified and sequenced directly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that SIVcpz is endemic in both central and eastern chimpanzees, with virus-positive communities identified throughout their habitats (43,44). Surprisingly, however, the distribution of SIVcpz in wild-living populations is uneven, with high prevalence rates (30% to 50%) in some communities and rare or absent infection in others (15,16,19,37,41,49). While the reasons for this sporadic distribution remain to be determined, it is clear that the infection status of any one community cannot be predicted but has to be determined empirically.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To screen wildliving populations for SIVcpz infection, our laboratory has developed diagnostic methods that detect virus-specific antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal and urine samples with high sensitivity and specificity (16,41,42). These noninvasive methods, combined with genotyping approaches for species confirmation and individual identification (5,15,37,47,50), have enabled analyses of wild-living chimpanzee populations throughout central Africa.…”

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confidence: 99%

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High Prevalence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Community of Savanna Chimpanzees

Rudicell

Piel

Stewart

et al. 2011

J Virol

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Simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) has a significant negative impact on the health, reproduction, and life span of chimpanzees, yet the prevalence and distribution of this virus in wild-living populations are still only poorly understood. Here, we show that savanna chimpanzees, who live in ecologically marginal habitats at 10-to 50-fold lower population densities than forest chimpanzees, can be infected with SIVcpz at high prevalence rates. Fecal samples were collected from nonhabituated eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Issa Valley (n ‫؍‬ 375) and Shangwa River (n ‫؍‬ 6) areas of the Masito-Ugalla region in western Tanzania, genotyped to determine the number of sampled individuals, and tested for SIVcpz-specific antibodies and nucleic acids. None of 5 Shangwa River apes tested positive for SIVcpz; however, 21 of 67 Issa Valley chimpanzees were SIVcpz infected, indicating a prevalence rate of 31% (95% confidence interval, 21% to 44%). Two individuals became infected during the 14-month observation period, documenting continuing virus spread in this community. To characterize the newly identified SIVcpz strains, partial and full-length viral sequences were amplified from fecal RNA of 10 infected chimpanzees. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Ugalla viruses formed a monophyletic lineage most closely related to viruses endemic in Gombe National Park, also located in Tanzania, indicating a connection between these now separated communities at some time in the past. These findings document that SIVcpz is more widespread in Tanzania than previously thought and that even very low-density chimpanzee populations can be infected with SIVcpz at high prevalence rates. Determining whether savanna chimpanzees, who face much more extreme environmental conditions than forest chimpanzees, are more susceptible to SIVcpz-associated morbidity and mortality will have important scientific and conservation implications.Among the many lentiviruses known to infect Old World primates in sub-Saharan Africa, simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) is of particular interest because it is the immediate precursor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS (8, 16). However, SIVcpz is also an important pathogen in its own right, since it causes significant morbidity and mortality in its chimpanzee host (6, 15, 37). Recent natural history studies in Gombe National Park in western Tanzania showed that infected chimpanzees have a 10-to 16-fold increased risk of death compared to uninfected chimpanzees (15). SIVcpz-infected females were less likely to give birth and their infants had a much higher mortality rate than those of uninfected females (15). Most importantly, postmortem analyses showed that SIVcpz can cause CD4 ϩ T lymphocyte depletion and histopathological findings consistent with end-stage AIDS (15). These results demonstrated that SIVcpz has a substantial negative impact on the health, reproduction, and life span of chimpanzees, a conclusion ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Prevalence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Community of Savanna Chimpanzees

Rudicell

Piel

Stewart

et al. 2011

J Virol

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“…They are impregnated with a blend of chemicals that lyses cell membranes and denatures proteins on contact, leading to trapping, immobilization, and stabilization of nucleic acids (8,9). RNAlater was originally developed for RNA preservation but has been used successfully to stabilize and store RNA and DNA (10,11). Silica gel is a drying agent that has been used for DNA/RNA isolation from field non -human primate fecal samples (10,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exfoliated Cells in Stool: A Source for Reverse Transcription-PCR–Based Analysis of Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Cancer

Yu¹,

Nechvatal²,

Ram³

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Because the colonic mucosa is in direct contact with digesta, luminal exposure to potentially carcinogenic or chemopreventive agents may be important in colorectal carcinogenesis, independently of the effects of systemic exposure through the circulation. To date, few biomarkers for luminal exposure have been identified, and isolation of reasonably good quality fecal human RNA remains difficult. In this study, we assessed the yield and quality of RNA extracted from 10 human stool samples after storage with several commercially available preservatives compared with stool samples immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. This study shows that careful design of primer pairs which amplify a short length of DNA is key to obtaining interpretable and reproducible results. Moreover, the use of commercially available RNA preservation kits enables investigators to collect usable fecal samples from large populations.Of all the preservative methods tested, RNAlater had the best performance in terms of overall quality, quantity, and level of genomic DNA contamination, and thus deserves further investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):455 -8)

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Lentiviruses in Their Natural Hosts

Voevodin¹,

Marx

2009

Simian Virology

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Foci of Endemic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Wild-Living Eastern Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii )

Cited by 115 publications

References 57 publications

High Prevalence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Community of Savanna Chimpanzees

High Prevalence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Community of Savanna Chimpanzees

Exfoliated Cells in Stool: A Source for Reverse Transcription-PCR–Based Analysis of Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Cancer

Lentiviruses in Their Natural Hosts

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