Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Species and the Withdrawal of Fluoroquinolones from Use in Poultry: A Public Health Success Story

Abstract

Campylobacter species cause 1.4 million infections each year in the United States. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are commonly used in adults with Campylobacter infection and other infections. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., enrofloxacin) are also used in veterinary medicine. Human infections with fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species have become increasingly common and are associated with consumption of poultry. These findings, along with other data, prompted the US Food and Drug Administration to propose the withdrawal of fluoroquinolone use in poultry in 2000. A lengthy legal hearing concluded with an order to withdraw enrofloxacin from use in poultry (effective in September 2005). Clinicians are likely to continue to encounter patients with fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infection and other enteric infection because of the continued circulation of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species in poultry flocks and in persons returning from foreign travel who have acquired a fluoroquinolone-resistant enteric infection while abroad. Judicious use of fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine is essential to preserve the efficacy of these important chemotherapeutic agents.

Pharmacological treatments and risks for the food chain

“…Despite the fact that the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters is often linked to resistance, one cannot exclude that other drugs used for therapeutic purposes can elicit similar risks. The rapid increase in the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance among human Campylobacter isolates was a cause of concern during the late 1990s (Nelson et al 2007). It was shown that in flocks infected with Campylobacter jejuni, the selection of resistant isolates emerged after therapy with enrofloxacin (Jacobs-Reitsma et al 1994).…”

“…In 1997 the percentage had approached a level of about 10%. This led to the ban of fluoroquinolones in poultry producing eggs for human consumption (Nelson et al 2007). …”

Amoxicillin vs Levofloxacin in Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: Review

“…Levofloxacin (trade names: Levaquin, Advaquin, Tavanic, Levomed, Novotic which is widely spread in Iraqi market); Is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class (third generation of quinolones) (10) . Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and abdominal infections, including Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram positive (methicillin-sensitive but not methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes), and atypical bacterial pathogens (Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae).…”

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some New Fluoro Formazans

“…Numerous drugs containing fluorine includes antipsychotic such as fluphenazine, HIV protease inhibitors such as tipranavir, antibiotics such as Ofloxacin and trovafloxacin and anesthetics such as haloethane [17][18]. Fluoroquinoline [19] are commonly used the family of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Due to these observations herein we reported eight substituted formazan derivatives (3a-h) by coupling fluoro-Schiff bases with appropriate aryl diazonium chloride in pyridine.…”