Fluid Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery in Track-and-Field Athletes

Casa, Douglas J.; Cheuvront, Samuel N.; Galloway, Stuart D. R.; Shirreffs, Susan M.

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0374

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Theme 4. Fluid Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery (Casa et al, 2019) The past decade has seen controversy over guidelines for fluid intake during sport. The best advice to enable adequate replacement of sweat losses has been debated, as have the benefits/impairment to performance associated with proactive or passive hydration strategies.…”

Section: Recognizing the Special Issues Of Event Groups In Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics

Burke

Castell

Casa

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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150

125

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The International Association of Athletics Federations recognizes the importance of nutritional practices in optimizing an Athlete's well-being and performance. Although Athletics encompasses a diverse range of track-and-field events with different performance determinants, there are common goals around nutritional support for adaptation to training, optimal performance for key events, and reducing the risk of injury and illness. Periodized guidelines can be provided for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food and fluids to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competition. Some Athletes are at risk of relative energy deficiency in sport arising from a mismatch between energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Competition nutrition strategies may involve pre-event, within-event, and between-event eating to address requirements for carbohydrate and fluid replacement. Although a "food first" policy should underpin an Athlete's nutrition plan, there may be occasions for the judicious use of medical supplements to address nutrient deficiencies or sports foods that help the athlete to meet nutritional goals when it is impractical to eat food. Evidence-based supplements include caffeine, bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrate, and creatine; however, their value is specific to the characteristics of the event. Special considerations are needed for travel, challenging environments (e.g., heat and altitude); special populations (e.g., females, young and masters athletes); and restricted dietary choice (e.g., vegetarian). Ideally, each Athlete should develop a personalized, periodized, and practical nutrition plan via collaboration with their coach and accredited sports nutrition experts, to optimize their performance.

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Section: Recognizing the Special Issues Of Event Groups In Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A good tip is to avoid drinking beyond thirst cessation if not aware of individual fluid needs Note. BM = body mass; CHO = carbohydrate Casa et al, 2019;Costa et al, 2019). All strategies should involve a personalized and well-practiced plan that is suited to the specific needs of the events.…”

Section: Recognizing the Special Issues Of Event Groups In Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics

Burke

Castell

Casa

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Self Cite

150

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The timing, size, and food choices in the prerace meal will vary according to event characteristics and athletes' preferences; these should be well practiced to develop an individualized protocol. Athletes should also consider fluid needs to achieve optimal hydration status for the event and specific race conditions (see Casa et al, 2019). As discussed in the section on racing in the heat, there may also be opportunities to address race challenges related to thermoregulation and dehydration by hyperhydrating and/or precooling in the hours prior to the event.…”

Section: Race Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers

Burke

Jeukendrup

Jones

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Distance events in Athletics include cross country, 10,000-m track race, half-marathon and marathon road races, and 20-and 50-km race walking events over different terrain and environmental conditions. Race times for elite performers span ∼26 min to >4 hr, with key factors for success being a high aerobic power, the ability to exercise at a large fraction of this power, and high running/walking economy. Nutrition-related contributors include body mass and anthropometry, capacity to use fuels, particularly carbohydrate (CHO) to produce adenosine triphosphate economically over the duration of the event, and maintenance of reasonable hydration status in the face of sweat losses induced by exercise intensity and the environment. Race nutrition strategies include CHO-rich eating in the hours per days prior to the event to store glycogen in amounts sufficient for event fuel needs, and in some cases, in-race consumption of CHO and fluid to offset event losses. Beneficial CHO intakes range from small amounts, including mouth rinsing, in the case of shorter events to high rates of intake (75-90 g/hr) in the longest races. A personalized and practiced race nutrition plan should balance the benefits of fluid and CHO consumed within practical opportunities, against the time, cost, and risk of gut discomfort. In hot environments, prerace hyperhydration or cooling strategies may provide a small but useful offset to the accrued thermal challenge and fluid deficit. Sports foods (drinks, gels, etc.) may assist in meeting training/race nutrition plans, with caffeine, and, perhaps nitrate being used as evidence-based performance supplements.

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“…Sweat evaporation from the skin surface plays a critical role in human thermoregulation and this is most apparent when the ability to sweat is compromised during periods of strenuous physical labor and/or exposure to hot environments [1]. For example, in anhidrotic patients [2,3] or individuals wearing encapsulating protective clothing/equipment [4], body core temperature rises sharply with exercise-heat stress, which can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke if other means of cooling are not provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

2019

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The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations.

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Fluid Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery in Track-and-Field Athletes

Cited by 32 publications

References 41 publications

International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics

International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics

Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

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