Fluid‐Dynamics‐Processed Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Printable Graphene Inks for Real‐Time Monitoring Sweat during Stretching Exercise

Given the huge economic burden caused by chronic and acute diseases on human beings, it is an urgent requirement of a cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring process to treat and cure the disease in their preliminary stage to avoid severe complications. Wearable biosensors have been developed by using numerous materials for non-invasive, wireless, and consistent human health monitoring. Graphene, a 2D nanomaterial, has received considerable attention for the development of wearable biosensors due to its outstanding physical, chemical, and structural properties. Moreover, the extremely flexible, foldable, and biocompatible nature of graphene provide a wide scope for developing wearable biosensor devices. Therefore, graphene and its derivatives could be trending materials to fabricate wearable biosensor devices for remote human health management in the near future. Various biofluids and exhaled breath contain many relevant biomarkers which can be exploited by wearable biosensors non-invasively to identify diseases. In this article, we have discussed various methodologies and strategies for synthesizing and pattering graphene. Furthermore, general sensing mechanism of biosensors, and graphene-based biosensing devices for tear, sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF), saliva, and exhaled breath have also been explored and discussed thoroughly. Finally, current challenges and future prospective of graphene-based wearable biosensors have been evaluated with conclusion. Graphical abstract Graphene is a promising 2D material for the development of wearable sensors. Various biofluids (sweat, tears, saliva and ISF) and exhaled breath contains many relevant biomarkers which facilitate in identify diseases. Biosensor is made up of biological recognition element such as enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle, or complete cell and physical (transducer, amplifier), provide fast response without causing organ harm.

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Section: Classification Of Graphene-based Wearable Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene

et al. 2022

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“…[ 303,943 ] The extremely high surface area‐to‐volume ratios and the atomic thickness of 2D materials can further enable high sensitivities in the formed sensors. [ 849–852,2,590,591,853–855 ] However, the atomic thickness also renders environmental instability in many 2D materials. [ 426,427 ] The optimization of device structure and the incorporation of proper encapsulation would address this challenge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 74,403 ] Capabilities that enable the inline inspection should also be incorporated for real‐time quality control. [ 709,950 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 649,955 ] Unique characteristics such as self‐cleaning and anti‐fouling could enable more stable and reliable long‐term operations of 2D materials wearable devices, for example, sweat sensors. [ 23,697,950 ] Incorporating self‐healing materials and mechanically soft structures into the 2D devices should be explored to enhance and optimize the mechanical and sensing performance of related 2D wearable devices. [ 956–958 ] Innovations in engineering designs are also needed to improve the long‐term stability of 2D wearable sensors during continuous, dynamic monitoring applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 837,845–847 ] These merits ensure sufficient material–analyte interactions and lead to high sensitivity even for trace concentration of the analyte. [ 846,848 ] Existing 2D materials‐based wearable chemical sensors can be categorized as gas sensors [ 849–852 ] and metabolites sensors [ 853–855 ] based on the corresponding targets. The important figure of merit for a chemical sensor is the limit of detection (LOD) of the particular analyte, which is defined as the concentration of the analyte that causes a sensor response three times higher than the noise level (i.e., in the absence of the analyte).…”

Section: D Materials‐based Wearable Sensors For Human Health Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scalably Nanomanufactured Atomically Thin Materials‐Based Wearable Health Sensors

Zhang

Jiang

2021

Small Structures

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Wearable multimodal sensors could enable the continuous, non‐invasive, precise monitoring of vital human signals critical for remote health monitoring and telemedicine. Atomically thin materials with intriguing physical characteristics, rich chemistry, and extreme sensitivity to external stimuli are attractive for implementing high‐performance wearable sensors. Despite the increased interest and efforts in 2D materials‐based wearable sensors, reducing the manufacturing and integration costs while improving the product performance remains challenging. Previous review articles provided good coverage discussing the material and device aspects of 2D materials‐based wearable devices. However, few reviews discussed the status quo, prospects, and opportunities for the scalable nanomanufacturing of 2D materials wearable sensors for health monitoring. To fill this gap, the recent advances in 2D materials‐based wearable health sensors are reviewed. The structure design, fabrication processing, the mechanisms of 2D materials‐based wearable health sensors, and their applications for human health monitoring are discussed. More significantly, a systematic discussion of the state‐of‐the‐art and technological gaps for enabling future design and nanomanufacturing of 2D materials wearable health sensors are provided. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the scalable nanomanufacturing of 2D wearable health sensors are discussed.

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Biopolymer Composites Material Extrusion and their Applications: A Review

Li,

Yang,

Elias

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Advances in additive manufacturing are leading to the emergence of new printable applications, including sensors for healthcare monitoring and bioengineering scaffolds. Research is driven by designing new printable inks including composites that can be extruded and respond to changes in their surroundings and patterning these materials on the microscale. In modern printing techniques, an emerging modified three‐dimensional (3D) printing method: materials extrusion has been utilized for customizable electronics because of its high compatibility with various inks, low cost, and versatility to different levels of complexity. Material extrusion enables not only the printing of 2D and 3D architecture of the electrode structure but also the bioprinting of structures such as conductive scaffolds. In this review, fundamental insights into rational printable ink formulation including colloidal suspensions, gels, polymer melts, composites, printing criteria, processes, and applications toward printable electronics using composites composed of nanomaterials and biopolymers are fully discussed. New manufacturing insights on how to further improve the resolution and simplify the printing process of responsive materials are discussed, which have not been seen in currently published representative reviews. It is envisioned that this review provides high scientific merits to readers working in wearable devices, biological smart materials, and flexible nanoelectronics.

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Fluid‐Dynamics‐Processed Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Printable Graphene Inks for Real‐Time Monitoring Sweat during Stretching Exercise

Cited by 49 publications

References 85 publications

Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene

Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene

Scalably Nanomanufactured Atomically Thin Materials‐Based Wearable Health Sensors

Biopolymer Composites Material Extrusion and their Applications: A Review

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