Flows of Nitrogen and Amino Acids in Dairy Cows Fed Diets Containing Supplemental Feather Meal and Blood Meal

Cunningham, K.D.; Cecava, M. J.; Johnson, T.R.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77311-2

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In contrast to the linear decrease of the apparent total-tract digestion of N as supplemental feather meal plus blood meal was increased in dairy rations (Cunningham et al, 1994), no significant difference between diets was observed with regard to the apparent digestibility of N in the study reported here. Apparent N digestibility was 1 percentage unit lower in the control (0% UIP) diet when compared with the other three diets.…”

Section: Composition Of Diets Dietary Ingredient Quantitiescontrasting

confidence: 98%

Optimization of rate and efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization through the use of animal by-products and(or) urea and their effects on nutrient digestion in Holstein steers.

Knaus¹,

Beermann

Guiroy

et al. 2001

Journal of Animal Science

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The objective of this N balance study was to determine the potential for improving the efficiency and rate of dietary N utilization in Holstein steers by feeding an amino acid-balanced mixture of animal by-product protein sources in combination with urea. The Beef NRC 1996 Model Level 2 was used to formulate a corn-based (86:14 concentrate-hay) control diet with soybean meal as the primary N supplement that would provide ME and metabolizable protein (MP) allowable ADG of 1.4 kg in 250-kg steers with an estrogenic implant and fed an ionophore. A combination of porcine meat and bone meal, fish meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, and blood meal was also formulated as an undegradable intake protein (UIP) blend to complement those amino acids (AA) derived from microbial protein synthesis. Four steers with an average initial BW of 259 kg were assigned in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to treatments consisting of control, two levels of UIP inclusion (2.6 and 5.2%; DM basis) in combination with urea, and a negative control "urea diet" containing no UIP and no SBM. The steers were fed at hourly intervals 95% of ad libitum intake and were injected with 500 microg of estradiol-17beta twice daily. Nitrogen intakes were 155, 160, 162, and 145 g/d, and N balances were 47, 51, 42, and 47 g/d when the 0, 2.6, 5.2% UIP and the urea diets were fed, respectively. Nitrogen balance was reduced with the 5.2% UIP diet (P < 0.05), and was less than the capacity estimate derived from abosmasal casein infusion studies. Apparent N digestibilities averaged 69%, but DM, OM, and nonstructural carbohydrate digestibilities were significantly reduced for the urea diet. Feeding 5.2% UIP in the diet reduced (P < 0.05) the biological value from 46 to 38%, which was accompanied by a significant elevation of plasma urea N. Results indicate that genetic capacity for N retention was approximately 51 g/d. Results demonstrate that use of an AA-balanced blend of animal by-product protein sources did not improve the efficiency of dietary N usage when added to corn-based diets formulated with the Beef NRC 1996 Model Level 2 to meet nutrient requirements of rapidly growing steers. Using urea as the only N supplement achieved equal rate and efficiency of N use.

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Section: Composition Of Diets Dietary Ingredient Quantitiescontrasting

confidence: 98%

Optimization of rate and efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization through the use of animal by-products and(or) urea and their effects on nutrient digestion in Holstein steers.

Knaus¹,

Beermann

Guiroy

et al. 2001

Journal of Animal Science

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“…13,26 FM could be a good source of escape protein, however, increasing¯ow of non-ammonia nitrogen to the small intestine and supplying sulphur amino acids among others. 11,27 Limited digestibility has also been indicated in FM with in vivo studies, 28 but FM PDA-treated at 50% moisture content (Fig 1) meets the requirement of supplying both a substantial and, at the same time, constant amount of ammonia in the rumen so that it does not become limiting and ®bre digestion is optimised. At 12 h of digestion, protein disappearances of FM treated at 1-50-75, 1-50-90 and 2-50-90 processing conditions were 311, 371 and 430 g kg À1 , respectively, and were much higher (p`0.05) than FM PDA-treated at 10% moisture and the control (equal to or lower than 236 g kg À1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Increasing nutrient availability of feather meal for ruminants and non-ruminants using an ammonia pressurisation/depressurisation process

Ferrer¹,

Byers²,

Ferrer³

et al. 1999

J. Sci. Food Agric.

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An ammonia pressurisation/depressurisation process (PDA) was evaluated for efficacy in enhancing solubility and digestibility of feather meal (FM) protein. Commercial FM was processed for 5 min with variable ammonia loadings (0.5–2 g g−1 DM), moisture contents (10–50%) and temperatures (75–90 °C). Dry matter and protein solubility were determined in a 0.15 M NaCl solution (6 h, 39 °C) and soluble protein content was determined by the Lowry method. Ruminal solubility was determined by the Kjeldahl method as protein lost in the rumen (1 min) of a cannulated steer. Protein digestibility (crude protein by Kjeldahl analysis) was determined using the in situ dacron bag and pepsin techniques. Protein solubility in the untreated FM was low (13.3 and 7.2%, in NaCl and in rumen fluid, respectively) and increased (p < 0.05) to 39.4 and 23.0%, respectively, in the treated FM at the optimal conditions (50% moisture, 2 g ammonia g−1 dry FM and 90 °C). Ruminal and pepsin protein digestibilities increased (p < 0.05) with increasing moisture content, ammonia loading and temperature. Protein digested in the rumen at 12 h increased from 21.9 (untreated) to 43.0%. Highest digestibility value at 48 h was 54.8%. Pepsin protein digestibility increased (p < 0.05) from 35.4% in the untreated FM to 89.3% in the optimal treatment. Protein solubility in NaCl correlated very well (0.98) with pepsin digestibility. The 3‐fold increase in solubility and 2‐fold increase in digestibility could improve nutrient availability of FM and increase its value as a protein source for both ruminants and non‐ruminants. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Subsequently, groups of comparisons were tested for homogeneity between and within groups. All data were taken or calculated from experiments reported in 57 independent studies (Kung et al, 1983;Stern et al, 1983;Prange et al, 1984;Robinson and Sniffen, 1984;Santos et al, 1984;Robinson et al, 1985;Rode et al, 1985;Stern et al, 1985;Armentano et al, 1986;Lu et al, 1988;Price et al, 1988;McCarthy et al, 1989;Waltz et al, 1989;Herrera-Saldana et al, 1990;King et al, 1990;Klusmeyer et al, 1990Klusmeyer et al, , 1991aCameron et al, 1991;Lynch et al, 1991;Ohajuruka et al, 1991;Stokes et al, 1991;Erasmus et al, 1992Erasmus et al, , 1994Aldrich et al, 1993;Christensen et al, 1993aChristensen et al, , 1996Cunningham et al, 1993Cunningham et al, , 1994Cunningham et al, , 1996Feng et al, 1993;Poore et al, 1993;Tice et al, 1993;Benchaar et al, 1994;Pantoja et al, 1994Pantoja et al, , 1995Calsamiglia et al, 1995;Oliveira et al, 1995;Overton et al, 1995;Yoon and Stern, 1996;Chan et al, 1997;…”

Section: Statistical Analysis Of Data From Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of the Source and Amount of Crude Protein on the Intestinal Supply of Nitrogen Fractions and Performance of Dairy Cows

Ipharraguerre

Clark

2005

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this article was to review and summarize the significance of the amount and source of dietary crude protein supplements on the supply of nitrogen fractions passing to the small intestine and the performance of lactating dairy cows. A meta-analysis was used to evaluate 2 data sets, one for nitrogen flow to the small intestine and one for performance of cows. The response of dairy cows to rumen-undegradable protein supplements is variable. A portion of this variable response from research trials is explained by the source of crude protein in the control diet, the proportion and source of rumen-undegradable protein in the experimental diet, the effect of rumen-undegradable protein on microbial protein outflow from the rumen, the degradability and amino acid content of the rumen-undegradable protein, and the crude protein percentage of the diet. Compared with soybean meal, the mean milk production responses to feeding rumen-undegradable protein supplements ranged from −2.5 to +2.75%. Because of the large variation and small magnitude of response when rumen-undegradable protein supplements are fed compared with soybean meal, efficiency of nitrogen utilization and the cost to benefit ratio for these crude protein supplements may determine the source and amount of crude protein to feed to dairy cows in the future. (Key words: dairy cow performance, meta-analysis, nitrogen flow to small intestine, rumen-undegradable protein)Abbreviation key: EAA = essential amino acids, NANMN = nonammonia, nonmicrobial N, RUP mix = a mixture of animal, marine, and/or plant protein, SBM = solvent-extracted soybean meal.

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Flows of Nitrogen and Amino Acids in Dairy Cows Fed Diets Containing Supplemental Feather Meal and Blood Meal

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

Optimization of rate and efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization through the use of animal by-products and(or) urea and their effects on nutrient digestion in Holstein steers.

Optimization of rate and efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization through the use of animal by-products and(or) urea and their effects on nutrient digestion in Holstein steers.

Increasing nutrient availability of feather meal for ruminants and non-ruminants using an ammonia pressurisation/depressurisation process

Impacts of the Source and Amount of Crude Protein on the Intestinal Supply of Nitrogen Fractions and Performance of Dairy Cows

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