Flexural strength of polymethyl methacrylate copolymers as a denture base resin

Abstract

To improve the flexural strength and flexural modulus of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), copolymerization of PMMA with 10, 20, 30, and 40% (v/v) of either ethyl-methacrylate, butyl-methacrylate (BMA), or isobutyl-methacrylate (IBMA) was carried out. Test specimens were fabricated from heat-cured resin. The flexural strength was measured using a 3-point bending test. The chemical characterization and the copolymerization mechanisms of the copolymer resins were confirmed by 1 H-NMR and FTIR. The flexural strength data were analyzed by applying two-way variance analysis. PMMA was reinforced by ethyl-methacrylate, BMA and IBMA copolymerization. Flexural strengths of the BMA and IBMA copolymers were significantly higher than those of the control group. Maximum flexural strength and modulus resulted from a 40% concentration of IBMA. The flexural strength and modulus values of all copolymer groups were found to be higher than those of the control group. The flexural moduli of the BMA and ethyl-methacrylate groups were similar to those of the control.

Influence of Stainless Steel Mesh Size and Universal Adhesive Primer on Flexural Strength of Repaired PMMA Denture Base Resin

“…Both studies have used the same brand of heat cure and self‐cure PMMA. The current study results confirm the findings of Anne et al's ( 2017 ) and Ardakani et al's ( 2021 ) studies that the stainless steel mesh provides better reinforcement than the fiber mesh.…”

Influence of Stainless Steel Mesh Size and Universal Adhesive Primer on Flexural Strength of Repaired PMMA Denture Base Resin

“…Both studies have used the same brand of heat cure and self‐cure PMMA. The current study results confirm the findings of Anne et al's ( 2017 ) and Ardakani et al's ( 2021 ) studies that the stainless steel mesh provides better reinforcement than the fiber mesh.…”

Printable PICN Composite Mechanically Compatible with Human Teeth

“…The flexural moduli of H-(UD+TE), H-TE, and L-TE in dry conditions were 20.5, 18.9, and 18.0 GPa, respectively, indicating that the 3D-printed PICN composites possessed comparable flexural moduli (elastic moduli) to human dentin (10-20 GPa) (Zhang et al 2014). Again, the flexural modulus of the 3D-printed PICN composite were closer to human dentin than those of conventional dental materials; 2 GPa for acrylic resin (Hayran and Keskin 2019), 4 to 18 GPa for resin composites (Zafar et al 2020), 44 to 70 GPa for feldspathic porcelain (Trindade et al 2018), 67 to 84 GPa for lithium disilicate glass ceramic (Lawson et al 2016;Trindade et al 2018), and 200 to 210 for zirconia (Zhang and Lawn 2018). The inorganic contents of the 3D-printed PICN composites were lower than that of the commercial CAD/CAM PICN composite (EN), while the Vickers hardness was higher.…”

Mechanical Properties of the Modified Denture Base Materials and Polymerization Methods: A Systematic Review

“…In the majority of the papers, compression moulding using a water bath was observed as the dominant technique for the polymerization of denture base [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. However, the dry heat polymerization method was also explored by some investigators with a promising effect on mechanical properties [ 27 , 31 ].…”

“…FS was the most commonly used testing parameter employed to evaluate the mechanical properties [ 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 ]. The investigators were also interested to see TS [ 19 , 28 , 33 ], SH [ 19 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 38 ] and IS [ 19 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 35 ].…”

“…The characteristics of the included papers are presented in Table 3. The inclination toward using a conventional heat cure denture base PMMA polymer was seen as very common in the majority of papers [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. However, a few studies focused on experimenting with a chemically modified PMMA polymer by incorporating a monomer either in pre-polymerized polymer powder of PMMA [40] or in unpolymerized MMA liquid [23,29].…”

Influence of Stainless Steel Mesh Size and Universal Adhesive Primer on Flexural Strength of Repaired PMMA Denture Base Resin

“…Both studies have used the same brand of heat cure and self‐cure PMMA. The current study results confirm the findings of Anne et al's ( 2017 ) and Ardakani et al's ( 2021 ) studies that the stainless steel mesh provides better reinforcement than the fiber mesh.…”

Printable PICN Composite Mechanically Compatible with Human Teeth

“…The flexural moduli of H-(UD+TE), H-TE, and L-TE in dry conditions were 20.5, 18.9, and 18.0 GPa, respectively, indicating that the 3D-printed PICN composites possessed comparable flexural moduli (elastic moduli) to human dentin (10-20 GPa) (Zhang et al 2014). Again, the flexural modulus of the 3D-printed PICN composite were closer to human dentin than those of conventional dental materials; 2 GPa for acrylic resin (Hayran and Keskin 2019), 4 to 18 GPa for resin composites (Zafar et al 2020), 44 to 70 GPa for feldspathic porcelain (Trindade et al 2018), 67 to 84 GPa for lithium disilicate glass ceramic (Lawson et al 2016;Trindade et al 2018), and 200 to 210 for zirconia (Zhang and Lawn 2018). The inorganic contents of the 3D-printed PICN composites were lower than that of the commercial CAD/CAM PICN composite (EN), while the Vickers hardness was higher.…”

Mechanical Properties of the Modified Denture Base Materials and Polymerization Methods: A Systematic Review

“…In the majority of the papers, compression moulding using a water bath was observed as the dominant technique for the polymerization of denture base [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. However, the dry heat polymerization method was also explored by some investigators with a promising effect on mechanical properties [ 27 , 31 ].…”

“…FS was the most commonly used testing parameter employed to evaluate the mechanical properties [ 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 ]. The investigators were also interested to see TS [ 19 , 28 , 33 ], SH [ 19 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 38 ] and IS [ 19 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 35 ].…”

“…The characteristics of the included papers are presented in Table 3. The inclination toward using a conventional heat cure denture base PMMA polymer was seen as very common in the majority of papers [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. However, a few studies focused on experimenting with a chemically modified PMMA polymer by incorporating a monomer either in pre-polymerized polymer powder of PMMA [40] or in unpolymerized MMA liquid [23,29].…”

Influence of Stainless Steel Mesh Size and Universal Adhesive Primer on Flexural Strength of Repaired PMMA Denture Base Resin

“…Both studies have used the same brand of heat cure and self‐cure PMMA. The current study results confirm the findings of Anne et al's ( 2017 ) and Ardakani et al's ( 2021 ) studies that the stainless steel mesh provides better reinforcement than the fiber mesh.…”

Printable PICN Composite Mechanically Compatible with Human Teeth

“…The flexural moduli of H-(UD+TE), H-TE, and L-TE in dry conditions were 20.5, 18.9, and 18.0 GPa, respectively, indicating that the 3D-printed PICN composites possessed comparable flexural moduli (elastic moduli) to human dentin (10-20 GPa) (Zhang et al 2014). Again, the flexural modulus of the 3D-printed PICN composite were closer to human dentin than those of conventional dental materials; 2 GPa for acrylic resin (Hayran and Keskin 2019), 4 to 18 GPa for resin composites (Zafar et al 2020), 44 to 70 GPa for feldspathic porcelain (Trindade et al 2018), 67 to 84 GPa for lithium disilicate glass ceramic (Lawson et al 2016;Trindade et al 2018), and 200 to 210 for zirconia (Zhang and Lawn 2018). The inorganic contents of the 3D-printed PICN composites were lower than that of the commercial CAD/CAM PICN composite (EN), while the Vickers hardness was higher.…”

Mechanical Properties of the Modified Denture Base Materials and Polymerization Methods: A Systematic Review

“…In the majority of the papers, compression moulding using a water bath was observed as the dominant technique for the polymerization of denture base [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. However, the dry heat polymerization method was also explored by some investigators with a promising effect on mechanical properties [ 27 , 31 ].…”

“…FS was the most commonly used testing parameter employed to evaluate the mechanical properties [ 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 ]. The investigators were also interested to see TS [ 19 , 28 , 33 ], SH [ 19 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 38 ] and IS [ 19 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 35 ].…”

“…The characteristics of the included papers are presented in Table 3. The inclination toward using a conventional heat cure denture base PMMA polymer was seen as very common in the majority of papers [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. However, a few studies focused on experimenting with a chemically modified PMMA polymer by incorporating a monomer either in pre-polymerized polymer powder of PMMA [40] or in unpolymerized MMA liquid [23,29].…”