“…Electrical heaters, which are a kind of electrical resistor that converts electrical energy into thermal energy, have attracted increasing attention due to their widespread applications in many civil, industrial, and military fields as wearable devices, defogging and defrosting, and personal thermal management [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Based on the Joule’s first law ( , where Q , P , V , R, and t are the generated heat, the electric power, the applied voltage, the resistance of the electrode, and the heating time, respectively), the generated heat is inversely proportional to the resistance of an electrode at a fixed applied voltage [ 6 , 7 ].…”