Five psychosocial variables related to the existence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms

Green, Monica A.; Berlin, Meryl

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198711)43:6<643::aid-jclp2270430602>3.0.co;2-r

Cited by 66 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A study of Vietnam veterans showed that among male veterans, war zone stressors were the largest contributors to PTSD symptomatology, whereas among female veterans, postwar factors including social support were the largest predictors (King et al, 1999). In a study of male Vietnam veterans, social support was not associated with PTSD symptoms (Green and Berlin, 1987). The mixed results on gender differences in the importance of social support may be explained in part by situational differences, combatant versus civilian involvement, and the ways that culture-specific gender roles are affected by the conflict situations.…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

“…More congruent with our observations, this analysis found that war zone stressors were the strongest predictors of PTSD symptomatology among male veterans, whereas postwar factors including social support were the most important in explaining PTSD among female veterans (King et al, 1999). There is some additional support for our findings in studies limited to one gender (Dybdahl, 2001;Green and Berlin, 1987). A study of mothers in Bosnia showed that higher social support was protective against PTSD symptoms (Dybdahl, 2001), whereas a study among male Vietnam veterans showed that social support was not associated with PTSD symptoms (Green and Berlin, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…General population studies suggest that social supports and networks may be more important for women's mental health (Bultmann et al, 2002;Kawachi and Berkman, 2001;Olstad et al, 2001). In the context of war, the results are somewhat mixed (Dybdahl, 2001;Farhood et al, 1993;Green and Berlin, 1987;King et al, 1999). Social support was protective against PTSD symptoms among displaced Bosnian women (Dybdahl, 2001), whereas a study of families in Lebanon showed that social support was more important for fathers' mental, physical and interpersonal well being than it was for mothers' well being (Farhood et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender, Social Support, and Posttraumatic Stress in Postwar Kosovo

Ahern¹,

Galea²,

Fernandez³

et al. 2004

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

104

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The effects of social support and traumatic experiences on mental health in conflict situations may be different by gender. The Kosovo Emergency Department Study was conducted in July and August 2001 to assess mental health 2 years after the end of the war in Kosovo. Of 306 emergency department patients (87.7% response rate), all were ethnic Albanian, 97.4% had experienced traumatic events, and 89.5% had posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women and persons who experienced more traumatic events had higher posttraumatic stress scores. Persons with social support had lower posttraumatic stress scores. In a final model, social support had a greater protective effect for women, whereas traumatic events had a greater detrimental effect on men. Two years after the war in Kosovo, there remained a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms, particularly among women with low social support. Interventions targeting social support may be important public health efforts in the postwar context.

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supporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender, Social Support, and Posttraumatic Stress in Postwar Kosovo

Ahern¹,

Galea²,

Fernandez³

et al. 2004

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The examination of demographic and internment-related factors should be supplemented by the inclusion of such factors as current environmental stressors, coping mechanisms, and social support resources (Blake, Cook, & Keane, 1992;Fairbank, Hansen, & Fitterling, 1991;B. Green et al, 1990;M. Green & Berlin, 1987; Keane, 1989; Solomon, Mikulincer, & Waysman, 1991).…”

Section: Implications and Suggestions For Further Researchsupporting

confidence: 66%

Long-term effects of trauma: Post-traumatic stress among civilian internees of the japanese during world war II

Potts

1994

J. Clin. Psychol.

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This study examined predictors and health‐related effects of post‐traumatic stress among 129 civilian internees of the Japanese during World War II. Post‐traumatic stress disorder was noted in 36.7% within the 6 months after their release and in 15.0% within the most recent 6 months. Women were more likely than men to indicate post‐traumatic stress disorder within the 6 months after their release. Higher incomes were associated with lower levels of post‐traumatic stress within the most recent 6 months. After controlling for demographic and internment‐related factors, higher levels of post‐traumatic stress were associated with poorer physical health. This association was stronger among older internees than among their younger counterparts. Implications of the findings for clinical gerontology are discussed.

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“…36 While the perceived level of threat has been found to predict PTSD in 12 distinct studies, 37 the severity of a trauma has also been reported as a predictor of PTSD symptoms. 28,[38][39][40] Adverse childhood experiences, 41,42 coping styles, 12,43 and gender 44 have also been reported as individual variables that modulate impact of stressors on the development of PTSD.…”

Section: Step 1 Subjective Characteristics Associated With Traumaticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Key Stressors to Develop Virtual Environments for Practicing Stress Management Skills with Military Personnel Prior to Deployment

Bouchard

Baus

Bernier

et al. 2010

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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Virtual environments (VEs) are presently being used to treat military personnel suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In an attempt to reduce the risk of PTSD, VEs may also be useful for stress management training (SMT) to practice skills under stress, but such use necessitates the development of relevant stress-inducing scenarios and storyboards. This article describes the procedures followed to select which VEs could be built for the Canadian Forces. A review and analysis of the available literature and of data collected postdeployment from 1,319 respondents on the frequency of stressors and their association with psychological injuries were pulled together to propose eight potential virtual stressors that can be used to practice SMT: seeing dead bodies or uncovering human remains; knowing someone being seriously injured or killed; receiving artillery fire; being unable to help ill or wounded civilians because of the rules of engagement; seeing destroyed homes and villages; clearing and searching homes, caves, or bunkers; receiving small-arms fire; and participating in demining operations. Information reported in this article could also be useful to document traumatic stressors experienced in theater of operations and their potential impact on psychological injuries.

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Five psychosocial variables related to the existence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms

Cited by 66 publications

References 15 publications

Gender, Social Support, and Posttraumatic Stress in Postwar Kosovo

Gender, Social Support, and Posttraumatic Stress in Postwar Kosovo

Long-term effects of trauma: Post-traumatic stress among civilian internees of the japanese during world war II

Selection of Key Stressors to Develop Virtual Environments for Practicing Stress Management Skills with Military Personnel Prior to Deployment

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