Five-Decade Profile of Women in Leadership Positions at Ophthalmic Publications

Mansour, Ahmad M.; Shields, Carol L.; Maalouf, Fadi; Massoud, Vicky; Jurdy, Lama; Mathysen, Danny G.P.; Jaafar, Dalida; Aclimandos, Wagih

doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.2300

Cited by 49 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…16 To our knowledge, there is only 1 article that examines gender trends in ophthalmology authorship. 17 The purpose of this study is to further investigate these trends, including original research articles and editorials, in leading ophthalmic journals.…”

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confidence: 99%

Decadelong Profile of Women in Ophthalmic Publications

et al. 2015

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istorically, all surgical subspecialties, including ophthalmology, have been male-dominated fields. 1,2 Potential reasons for this occurrence include lack of opportunity, lack of role models, lack of exposure to surgical fields, and considerations of work-life balance. 1,2 During the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of women surgical residents in the United States commensurate with the increase in women graduating from medical schools. 3,4 At the same time, it is evident that women in ophthalmology and all fields of academic medicine may not be advancing to senior ranks compared with their male counterparts, even though women are more likely than men to enter academics. 3,4 In addition, there is still a gender difference in the salaries of physician researchers. 5 Other investigators have validated the use of authors' gender in academic medical literature as a surrogate marker of gender imbalance. 6,7 An important component of academia is publications, as they are the main venue for communicating and encouraging diffusion of scientific innovation. Progress in ophthalmology, or any medical specialty, comes from reporting new investigations and clinical findings. The process of authorship, submission to a journal, peer review, acceptance, and publication are the fundamental steps for the introduction of new knowledge into our practices. 8 IMPORTANCE In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of women practicing medicine. We believe this shift may be reaching academic publications in ophthalmology and changing gender trends.OBJECTIVE To determine whether there has been an increase in women publishing academic articles and editorials in ophthalmology during the past decade. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSIn this observational retrospective study, 3 ophthalmology journals were sampled from 2000 and 2010 for at least 100 articles per journal, per year, and all editorials published in both years. Data reviewed included the authors' gender, number of authors, number of references, subspecialty, and country of origin.EXPOSURE Publication by women authors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome measure was an increase in women publishing in ophthalmology. The hypothesis was formulated before data collection.

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Decadelong Profile of Women in Ophthalmic Publications

et al. 2015

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“…After a preprocess of normalisation that eliminated initials accompanying given names and replaced hyphens with spaces, all the authors' first names were matched through GenderChecker, a database that included 97,500 worldwide names classified as male, female or unisex (obtained from http://genderchecker.com/; an updated version includes 102,142 names). This database was tested in the validation section (see below), and recently it is used in research (e.g., Carnahan, Kryscynski, & Olson, ; Mansour et al, ; Yun et al, ) and, according to the website, by the UN Refugee Agency. In order to increase the number of observations, we followed Larivière et al's () procedure, and the names classified as unisex by GenderChecker were subsequently matched with the 1990 US Census, which presents lists of given names and their frequencies associated with males and females from the US population.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary psychology and women: A gender analysis of the scientific production

González-Álvarez

Cervera-Crespo

2017

Int J Psychol

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Despite important advances made in recent decades, women are still underrepresented in science (less than 30% of authorships). This study presents a bibliometric analysis of all the Psychology articles published in 2009 included in the Web of Science database (Thomson Reuters) in order to examine the contribution of women in contemporary Psychology, their pattern of research collaboration, the scientific content and the scientific impact from a gender perspective. From a total of 90,067 authorships, gender could be identified in 74,413 (82.6%) of them, being 40,782 (54.8%) male authorships and 33,631 (45.2%) female authorships. These data corresponded to 24,477 (49.9%) individual men and 24,553 (50.1%) women, respectively. Therefore, Psychology presents gender parity in the number of authors, and a gender asymmetry in the number of authorships that it is much lower than in science in general and other specific scientific fields. In relative terms, women tend to be concentrated in the first position of the authorship by-line and much less in the last (senior) position. This double pattern suggests that age probably plays a role in (partly) explaining the slight gender disparity of authorships.

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“…This database has been used in recent research (e.g., Carnahan, Kryscynski, & Olson, 2016;Mansour et al, 2012;Yun et al, 2015). For more details see the Supplemental Material.…”

Section: Gender Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender of Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) contributors: An analysis of recent years (2008–2016)

González-Álvarez

2017

Personality and Individual Differences

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This study aims to identify the gender of researchers who published in Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) during the 2008-2016 period. Of a total of 12,137 authorships, gender could be identified in 11,023 (90.8%). Results show a slight gender imbalance in favor of men that tends to diminish throughout the years, almost reaching parity in the last three years. Data show that: a) gender asymmetry is greater in the number of authorships than in the number of authors (individuals), partly because men tend to publish in a wider range of years during the period studied; b) men are relatively overrepresented in the last (senior) position of the author by-line; and c) in relative terms, women tend to be concentrated in the last years of the period studied. Taken together, these three points suggest that age probably plays a role in the (slight) gender imbalance, as observed in other scientific fields. Regarding the scientific impact of contributors, no gender differences were found in the number of citations received.

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Five-Decade Profile of Women in Leadership Positions at Ophthalmic Publications

Cited by 49 publications

References 32 publications

Decadelong Profile of Women in Ophthalmic Publications

Decadelong Profile of Women in Ophthalmic Publications

Contemporary psychology and women: A gender analysis of the scientific production

Gender of Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) contributors: An analysis of recent years (2008–2016)

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