Fish meal replacement by plant and animal by-products in diets for the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis australis (Richardson)

Abstract

In this experiment, 23% of fish meal protein was replaced with protein from Australian soybean meal (SBM), lupin meal (LM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and meat meal (MM) in nutritionally balanced experimental diets. Growth and growth efficiencies of juvenile Australian short‐finned eel Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) elvers (2.23±0.4‐g average wet weight) were compared. Elvers were fed twice a day to a total of 5% body weight per day for 63 days. Total weight gain (g), specific growth rate (% day−1), protein efficiency ratio (%) and productive protein value (%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) for elvers fed the MM diet than for those fed the LM diet. There were no differences in diurnal ammonia‐nitrogen excretion rates. However, diurnal urea‐nitrogen excretion rates were significantly (P<0.05) affected by diet and rates were two to three times higher for all diets, except CGM, 4 h following the afternoon feed. Diet significantly affected apparent digestibility (AD); ADs of protein for SBM and LM were significantly (P<0.001) higher than for control diet, CGM and MM; AD of energy for LM was significantly (P<0.05) lower than for all the other diets. Fish meal protein was replaced by CGM, SBM and MM without compromising growth rates of the Australian short‐finned eel. However, whole lupin seed meal (LM) depressed growth and growth efficiencies most likely because of the high indigestible carbohydrate content.

Hybrid sturgeon ‘AL’ (Acipenser naccarii×Acipenser baeri) diets: the use of alternative plant protein sources

“…The high substitution utilized provides a clear indication of CG in comparison with other plant proteins as PM. These results with PM are in agreement with several others obtained with turbot, rainbow trout and Australian eel (Burel, Boujard, Kaushik, Boeuf, Van Der Geyten, Mol, Kühn, Quinsac, Krouti & Ribailler 2000; Engin & Carter 2002), but are in contrast with other experiments in tilapia and milkfish (Santiago & Lovell 1988; Borlongan, Eusebio & Welsh 2002). This result is probably related to the different physiology of sturgeon (primitive fish) compared with other farmed finfish or from different strains of pea utilized in far eastern countries.…”

Hybrid sturgeon ‘AL’ (Acipenser naccarii×Acipenser baeri) diets: the use of alternative plant protein sources

“…The high substitution utilized provides a clear indication of CG in comparison with other plant proteins as PM. These results with PM are in agreement with several others obtained with turbot, rainbow trout and Australian eel (Burel, Boujard, Kaushik, Boeuf, Van Der Geyten, Mol, Kühn, Quinsac, Krouti & Ribailler 2000; Engin & Carter 2002), but are in contrast with other experiments in tilapia and milkfish (Santiago & Lovell 1988; Borlongan, Eusebio & Welsh 2002). This result is probably related to the different physiology of sturgeon (primitive fish) compared with other farmed finfish or from different strains of pea utilized in far eastern countries.…”

Cage culture of tropical eels, Anguilla bicolor pacifica and A. marmorata juveniles: Comparison of growth, feed utilization, biochemical composition and blood chemistry

“…A. australis australis fed on diets with plant and animal byproducts (Engin & Carter, 2005). The result is in contrast with the findings of Gómez-Limia et al ( 2022), who reported that small eels have higher moisture content than adult conspecifics.…”

“…However, Mahboob (2015) reported no significant weight‐dependent differences in protein content of South Asian carp ( Catla catla ) and white carp ( Cirrhinus mrigala ), which is consistent with our findings. In addition, the lower body moisture contents in A. marmorata reflect the inferior growth performance and feed efficiency of this species as reported in other eel species such as the Australian short‐finned eel A. australis australis fed on diets with plant and animal byproducts (Engin & Carter, 2005). The result is in contrast with the findings of Gómez‐Limia et al (2022), who reported that small eels have higher moisture content than adult conspecifics.…”

Effects of enzymatically hydrolyzed fish by-products in diet of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Whereas crude lipid and ash were same for all fish fed the experimental diets and there were no significant differences in crude protein between the CON and other experimental groups. Some studies have reported a trend in which whole body moisture content shows opposite values compared to protein content in rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Jo et al 2016); kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicas (Bulbul et al 2016); and Australian short-finned eel, Aaustralis australis (Engin and Carter 2005). Non-specific immune responses are the basic mechanism of defense system in fish and play a vital role in the obtained immune response and homeostasis by a system of receptor proteins (Srivastava and Pandey 2015;Halver and Hardy 2002;Reverter et al 2014;Uribe et al 2011).…”

Hybrid sturgeon ‘AL’ (Acipenser naccarii×Acipenser baeri) diets: the use of alternative plant protein sources

“…The high substitution utilized provides a clear indication of CG in comparison with other plant proteins as PM. These results with PM are in agreement with several others obtained with turbot, rainbow trout and Australian eel (Burel, Boujard, Kaushik, Boeuf, Van Der Geyten, Mol, Kühn, Quinsac, Krouti & Ribailler 2000; Engin & Carter 2002), but are in contrast with other experiments in tilapia and milkfish (Santiago & Lovell 1988; Borlongan, Eusebio & Welsh 2002). This result is probably related to the different physiology of sturgeon (primitive fish) compared with other farmed finfish or from different strains of pea utilized in far eastern countries.…”

Cage culture of tropical eels, Anguilla bicolor pacifica and A. marmorata juveniles: Comparison of growth, feed utilization, biochemical composition and blood chemistry

“…A. australis australis fed on diets with plant and animal byproducts (Engin & Carter, 2005). The result is in contrast with the findings of Gómez-Limia et al ( 2022), who reported that small eels have higher moisture content than adult conspecifics.…”

“…However, Mahboob (2015) reported no significant weight‐dependent differences in protein content of South Asian carp ( Catla catla ) and white carp ( Cirrhinus mrigala ), which is consistent with our findings. In addition, the lower body moisture contents in A. marmorata reflect the inferior growth performance and feed efficiency of this species as reported in other eel species such as the Australian short‐finned eel A. australis australis fed on diets with plant and animal byproducts (Engin & Carter, 2005). The result is in contrast with the findings of Gómez‐Limia et al (2022), who reported that small eels have higher moisture content than adult conspecifics.…”

Effects of enzymatically hydrolyzed fish by-products in diet of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Whereas crude lipid and ash were same for all fish fed the experimental diets and there were no significant differences in crude protein between the CON and other experimental groups. Some studies have reported a trend in which whole body moisture content shows opposite values compared to protein content in rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Jo et al 2016); kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicas (Bulbul et al 2016); and Australian short-finned eel, Aaustralis australis (Engin and Carter 2005). Non-specific immune responses are the basic mechanism of defense system in fish and play a vital role in the obtained immune response and homeostasis by a system of receptor proteins (Srivastava and Pandey 2015;Halver and Hardy 2002;Reverter et al 2014;Uribe et al 2011).…”

Hybrid sturgeon ‘AL’ (Acipenser naccarii×Acipenser baeri) diets: the use of alternative plant protein sources

“…The high substitution utilized provides a clear indication of CG in comparison with other plant proteins as PM. These results with PM are in agreement with several others obtained with turbot, rainbow trout and Australian eel (Burel, Boujard, Kaushik, Boeuf, Van Der Geyten, Mol, Kühn, Quinsac, Krouti & Ribailler 2000; Engin & Carter 2002), but are in contrast with other experiments in tilapia and milkfish (Santiago & Lovell 1988; Borlongan, Eusebio & Welsh 2002). This result is probably related to the different physiology of sturgeon (primitive fish) compared with other farmed finfish or from different strains of pea utilized in far eastern countries.…”

Cage culture of tropical eels, Anguilla bicolor pacifica and A. marmorata juveniles: Comparison of growth, feed utilization, biochemical composition and blood chemistry

“…A. australis australis fed on diets with plant and animal byproducts (Engin & Carter, 2005). The result is in contrast with the findings of Gómez-Limia et al ( 2022), who reported that small eels have higher moisture content than adult conspecifics.…”

“…However, Mahboob (2015) reported no significant weight‐dependent differences in protein content of South Asian carp ( Catla catla ) and white carp ( Cirrhinus mrigala ), which is consistent with our findings. In addition, the lower body moisture contents in A. marmorata reflect the inferior growth performance and feed efficiency of this species as reported in other eel species such as the Australian short‐finned eel A. australis australis fed on diets with plant and animal byproducts (Engin & Carter, 2005). The result is in contrast with the findings of Gómez‐Limia et al (2022), who reported that small eels have higher moisture content than adult conspecifics.…”

Effects of enzymatically hydrolyzed fish by-products in diet of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Whereas crude lipid and ash were same for all fish fed the experimental diets and there were no significant differences in crude protein between the CON and other experimental groups. Some studies have reported a trend in which whole body moisture content shows opposite values compared to protein content in rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Jo et al 2016); kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicas (Bulbul et al 2016); and Australian short-finned eel, Aaustralis australis (Engin and Carter 2005). Non-specific immune responses are the basic mechanism of defense system in fish and play a vital role in the obtained immune response and homeostasis by a system of receptor proteins (Srivastava and Pandey 2015;Halver and Hardy 2002;Reverter et al 2014;Uribe et al 2011).…”