Fischer–Tropsch refining: technology selection to match molecules

Klerk, Arno de

doi:10.1039/b813233j

Cited by 157 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…As pointed out by Kou and coworkers, the high temperature (503 K and above) currently used is not demanded by the very exothermic FTS reaction itself, but by activation of the iron catalysts 35 . We find that our e-Fe 2 C-dominant RQ Fe catalyst is highly active in LTFTS at 443 K, 60 K lower than the industrial iron-based LTFTS process 41 , which was first developed by Lurgi and Ruhrchemie in 1955 on fixed-bed multitubular ARGE reactors followed by Sasol in 1993 according to their own design of the bubble column reactor over a precipitated ironbased catalyst 42 . The catalytic results listed in Table 3 show that the initial catalytic activity (r 0 ) is 43 mol CO mol Fe À 1 h À 1 (Table 3, entry 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ε-Iron carbide as a low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst

et al. 2014

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e-Iron carbide has been predicted to be promising for low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (LTFTS) targeting liquid fuel production. However, directional carbidation of metallic iron to e-iron carbide is challenging due to kinetic hindrance. Here we show how rapidly quenched skeletal iron featuring nanocrystalline dimensions, low coordination number and an expanded lattice may solve this problem. We find that the carbidation of rapidly quenched skeletal iron occurs readily in situ during LTFTS at 423-473 K, giving an e-iron carbidedominant catalyst that exhibits superior activity to literature iron and cobalt catalysts, and comparable to more expensive noble ruthenium catalyst, coupled with high selectivity to liquid fuels and robustness without the aid of electronic or structural promoters. This finding may permit the development of an advanced energy-efficient and clean fuel-oriented FTS process on the basis of a cost-effective iron catalyst.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When lowering the FTS temperature, the chain growth probability, a, will increase, favouring the production of high-value long-chain hydrocarbons 41 . Figure 4a presents the temperature-dependent product distributions over the RQ Fe catalyst.…”

Section: Article Nature Communications | Doimentioning

confidence: 99%

ε-Iron carbide as a low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst

et al. 2014

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“…According to the literature, [6,12,37,41,44,45] the (present) best formulation catalyst for lower temperature Fischer Tropsch synthesis catalyst is routinely a ruthenium-promoted cobalt and iron catalyst (here (Ru/Co/Fe) in Fig. 2) for the production of Gas-to-Liquid or Coal-toLiquid fuels.…”

Section: The Catalyst Sensitivity Index: a Completementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To illustrate the factors contributing to the CSI and their impact on prototypical fuel production and conversion processes, we investigate the various carbon-containing Feedstock-to-Transport Fuel conversions through the Fischer-Tropsch process, [6,12,25,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] where the carboncontaining feedstock is first converted into syngas, a mixture of H 2 and CO and subsequently converted into crude synfuel, and further refined to the desired fuel fraction. The entire process sub-units which comprise the complete Well -to-Tank processes have been defined in Fig.…”

Section: The Catalyst Sensitivity Index: a Completementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of this continued, substantial impact throughout the global economy and critical issues of environmental sustainability, catalysis remains at the forefront of modern multidisciplinary research and development in chemistry [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. New and improved catalytic materials and processes are continually being developed to achieve more rapid catalytic reaction rates (increased Turnover Frequencies) using milder, less energy-intensive reaction conditions, and enhanced selectivity to produce the desired, targeted reaction products with minimal product waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Catalyst Selectivity Index (CSI): A Framework and Metric to Assess the Impact of Catalyst Efficiency Enhancements upon Energy and CO2 Footprints

et al. 2015

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Heterogeneous catalysts are not only a venerable part of our chemical and industrial heritage, but they also occupy a pivotal, central role in the advancement of modern chemistry, chemical processes and chemical technologies. The broad field of catalysis has also emerged as a critical, enabling science and technology in the modern development of ''Green Chemistry'', with the avowed aim of achieving green and sustainable processes. Thus a widely utilized metric, the environmental E factor-characterizing the waste-to-product ratio for a chemical industrial processpermits one to assess the potential deleterious environmental impact of an entire chemical process in terms of excessive solvent usage. As the many (and entirely reasonable) societal pressures grow, requiring chemists and chemical engineers not only to develop manufacturing processes using new sources of energy, but also to decrease the energy/carbon footprint of existing chemical processes, these issues become ever more pressing. On that road to a green and more sustainable future for chemistry and energy, we note that, as far as we are aware, little effort has been directed towards a direct evaluation of the quantitative impacts that advances or improvements in a catalyst's performance or efficiency would have on the overall energy or carbon (CO 2 ) footprint balance and corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of chemical processes and manufacturing technologies. Therefore, this present research was motivated by the premise that the sustainability impact of advances in catalysis science and technology, especially heterogeneous catalysis-the core of large-scale manufacturing processes-must move from a qualitative to a more quantitative form of assessment. This, then, is the exciting challenge of developing a new paradigm for catalysis science which embodies-in a truly quantitative form-its impact on sustainability in chemical, industrial processes. Towards that goal, we present here the concept, definition, design and development of what we term the Catalyst Sensitivity Index (CSI) to provide a measurable index as to how efficiency or performance enhancements of a heterogeneous catalyst will directly impact upon the fossil energy consumption and GHG emissions balance across several prototypical fuel production and conversion technologies, e.g. hydrocarbon fuels synthesized using algae-tobiodiesel, algae-to-jet biofuel, coal-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid processes, together with fuel upgrading processes using fluidized catalytic cracking of heavy oil, hydrocracking of heavy oil and also the production of hydrogen from steam methane reforming. Traditionally, the performance of a catalyst is defined by a combination of its activity or efficiency (its turnover frequency), its selectivity and stability (its turnover number), all of which are direct manifestations of the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the heterogeneous catalyst itself under specific working conditions. We will, of course, retain these definitions of the catalytic process, ...

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Fischer–Tropsch Process

Klerk

2013

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A Fischer–Tropsch process always forms part of a larger indirect liquefaction facility, which consists of three processing steps. The first step is to convert a carbon source, such as coal, natural gas, biomass, or organic waste, into synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and it is the feed material for a Fischer–Tropsch process, which is the second step in the indirect liquefaction process. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is the catalytic polymerization and hydrogenation of CO, which produces a synthetic crude oil (syncrude). The syncrude is a multiphase mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and water. The third step is the refining of the syncrude to products that are traditionally produced from conventional crude oil, such as transportation fuels and petrochemicals. The current contribution deals only with the Fischer–Tropsch process; the generation of syngas and the refining of Fischer–Tropsch syncrude are not discussed in any detail. A Fischer–Tropsch process has three main elements: catalyst, reactor, and gas loop. Fischer–Tropsch catalysis is described to explain the relationship among the different catalyst types, operating conditions, and products. A description of the main syncrude types and their compositions is also provided. Fischer–Tropsch technologies are discussed, with an explanation of the relationship between catalyst and reactor, the tradeoffs involved in different catalyst–reactor combinations, as well as guidelines for technology selection. The role of the Fischer–Tropsch gas loop is outlined, with a discussion of the key elements of the gas loop and how they affect the overall performance of a Fischer–Tropsch process.

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Fischer–Tropsch refining: technology selection to match molecules

Cited by 157 publications

References 188 publications

ε-Iron carbide as a low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst

ε-Iron carbide as a low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst

The Catalyst Selectivity Index (CSI): A Framework and Metric to Assess the Impact of Catalyst Efficiency Enhancements upon Energy and CO2 Footprints

Fischer–Tropsch Process

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