First SMOS Sea Surface Salinity dedicated products over the Baltic Sea

Abstract

Abstract. This paper presents the first Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) dedicated products over the Baltic Sea. The SSS retrieval from L-band brightess temperature (TB) measurements over this basin is really challenging due to important technical issues, such as the land-sea and ice-sea contamination, the high contamination by Radio-Frequency Interferences (RFI) sources, the low sensitivity of L-band TB at SSS changes in cold waters and the poor characterization of dielectric constant models for the low SSS and SST ranges in the basin. For these reasons, exploratory research in the algorithms used from the level 0 up to level 4 has been required to develop these dedicated products. This work has been performed in the framework of the European Space Agency regional initiative Baltic+ Salinity Dynamics. Two Baltic+ SSS products have been generated for the period 2011–2019 and are freely distributed: the Level 3 (L3) product (daily generated 9-day maps in a 0.25° grid, https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/13859) (González-Gambau et al., 2021a) and the Level 4 (L4) product (daily maps in a 0.05° grid, https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/13860) (González-Gambau et al., 2021b)), that are computed by applying multifractal fusion to L3 SSS with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) maps. The accuracy of L3 SSS products is typically around 0.7–0.8 psu. The L4 product has an improved spatio-temporal resolution with respect to the L3 and the accuracy is typically around 0.4 psu. Regions with the highest errors and limited coverage are located in Arkona and Bornholm basins and Gulfs of Finland and Riga. The impact assessment of Baltic+ SSS products has shown that they can help in the understanding of salinity dynamics in the basin. They complement the temporally and spatially very sparse in situ measurements, covering data gaps in the region and they can also be useful for the validation of numerical models, particularly in areas where in situ data are very sparse.

Monitoring Black Sea environmental changes from space: New products for altimetry, ocean colour and salinity. Potentialities and requirements for a dedicated in-situ observing system

“…The Black Sea and, in particular, its northwestern shelf, combines low salinity (i.e., < 15 psu in the ROFI regions) and, in winter, low temperature (i.e., < 5°C with, in some regions, the presence of sea ice) waters which requires the adaptation of the dielectric constant model. Here, we use the dielectric constant model presented in Gonzaĺez-Gambau et al (2022). This model is proposed for the satellite salinity retrieval in the Baltic Sea that presents very low SSS and SST values.…”

“…The application of the dnB method to the Black Sea highlights spatial and temporal signals, attributed to changes in the RFI contamination and the SST values, that need to be removed. As described in Gonzaĺez-Gambau et al (2022), the original dnB method is extended to consider a dependency on the SST when estimating the systematic bias. Besides, since the contamination by RFI sources in 2011-2015 is different from that in 2016-2020, the systematic biases in these two periods are characterized and corrected separately.…”