First report outside Eastern Europe of West Nile virus lineage 2 related to the Volgograd 2007 strain, northeastern Italy, 2014

Ravagnan, Silvia; Montarsi, Fabrizio; Cazzin, Stefania; Porcellato, Elena; Russo, Federico; Palei, Manlio; Monne, Isabella; Savini, Giovanni; Marangon, Stefano; Barzon, Luisa; Capelli, Gioia

doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1031-y

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…() after WNV isolation in Vero cells. Comparisons with published sequences were performed by searches in the NCBI BLAST database, and sequences were aligned by Clustal W. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the WNV lineage 2 isolated in Spain belonged to the Central/Southern European WNV lineage 2 cluster (Ravagnan et al., ), where WNV strains detected in the last years in other northern goshawks, humans, and mosquitoes are included (Figure ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The animal tested positive by cELISA and negative by SNT, but 1-month later antibodies against WNV were detected by SNT, evidencing seroconversion, and WNV transmission within Vallcalent-WRC. Serum samples from other 13 bearded vultures were positive by cELISA, and two were confirmed by SNT at the CVL (titers between 1/20 and 1/40).A fragment of 930 nt of the NS5 gene from the first northern goshawk was sequenced by Sanger's method using the primers described byVázquez et al (2012) after WNV isolation in Vero cells.Comparisons with published sequences were performed by searches in the NCBI BLAST database, and sequences were aligned by Clustal W. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the WNV lineage 2 isolated in Spain belonged to the Central/Southern European WNV lineage 2 cluster(Ravagnan et al, 2015), where WNV strains detected in the last years in other northern goshawks, humans, and mosquitoes are included (Figure 1).The detection in the northern goshawk was the first WNV outbreak reported in the North of the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, until now, all WNV cases reported there had been caused by WNV lineage 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North‐Eastern Spain (Catalonia)

Busquets

Laranjo‐González

Soler

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In September 2017, West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 was detected in Catalonia (Northern Spain) in northern goshawks by passive surveillance. The phylogenetic analyses showed that it was related to the Central/Southern European strains, evidencing WNV lineage 2 spread to Western Europe. WNV local transmission was later detected in bearded vultures housed at the Wildlife Recovery center where the goshawk was transferred to. Further studies, before the following period of high mosquito activity, indicated that WNV had circulated intensively in poultry and horses but only surrounding of the area where the virus was detected. In other areas of Catalonia, circulation of flaviviruses different to WNV was identified. Public Health investigations failed to detect WNV infection in humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North‐Eastern Spain (Catalonia)

Busquets

Laranjo‐González

Soler

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The spatiotemporal pattern of these sequential events suggests that migratory bird species play a role in the dispersal of WNV from endemically infected areas. The exceptional potential for geographic spread of WNV by migratory birds is demonstrated by the North Italian emergence of the lineage 2 Volgograd strain previously found only in the Black Sea region (Ravagnan et al 2015).…”

Section: West Nile Virus Infections By Karoly Erdelyimentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Changes in Infectious Diseases in European Wildlife

Yon¹,

Duff

Ågren

et al. 2019

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Many infectious diseases originating from, or carried by, wildlife affect wildlife conservation and biodiversity, livestock health, or human health. We provide an update on changes in the epidemiology of 25 selected infectious, wildlife-related diseases in Europe (from 2010-16) that had an impact, or may have a future impact, on the health of wildlife, livestock, and humans. These pathogens were selected based on their: 1) identification in recent Europe-wide projects as important surveillance targets, 2) inclusion in European Union legislation as pathogens requiring obligatory surveillance, 3) presence in recent literature on wildlife-related diseases in Europe since 2010, 4) inclusion in key pathogen lists released by the Office International des Epizooties, 5) identification in conference presentations and informal discussions on a group email list by a European network of wildlife disease scientists from the European Wildlife Disease Association, or 6) identification as pathogens with changes in their epidemiology during 2010-16. The wildlife pathogens or diseases included in this review are: avian influenza virus, seal influenza virus, lagoviruses, rabies virus, bat lyssaviruses, filoviruses, canine distemper virus, morbilliviruses in aquatic mammals, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus, hantaviruses, Schmallenberg virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, African swine fever virus, amphibian ranavirus, hepatitis E virus, bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), tularemia (Francisella tularensis), brucellosis (Brucella spp.), salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.), Coxiella burnetii, chytridiomycosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania infantum, and chronic wasting disease. Further work is needed to identify all of the key drivers of disease change and emergence, as they appear to be influencing the incidence and spread of these pathogens in Europe. We present a summary of these recent changes during 2010-16 to discuss possible commonalities and drivers of disease change and to identify directions for future work on wildlife-related diseases in Europe. Many of the pathogens are entering Europe from other continents while others are expanding their ranges inside and beyond Europe. Surveillance for these wildlife-related diseases at a continental scale is therefore important for planet-wide assessment, awareness of, and preparedness for the risks they may pose to wildlife, domestic animal, and human health.

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“…The Russian strain, which has been responsible for human outbreaks in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions since 2007, has also spread to Europe; it has been involved in human infections in Romania since 2010 [14] and, in 2014, it was detected in mosquito pools collected in north-eastern Italy but was not associated with human infections [15]. WNV lineage 2 is currently responsible for the vast majority of human WNV infections reported in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing the recent West Nile virus lineage 2 epidemic in Europe and Italy using discrete and continuous phylogeography

et al. 2017

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West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-2) was mainly confined to sub-Saharan Africa until the early 2000s, when it was identified for the first time in Central Europe causing outbreaks of human and animal infection. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the origin and dispersion of WNV-2 in Central Europe and Italy on a phylodynamic and phylogeographical basis. To this aim, discrete and continuous space phylogeographical models were applied to a total of 33 newly characterised full-length viral genomes obtained from mosquitoes, birds and humans in Northern Italy in the years 2013–2015 aligned with 64 complete sequences isolated mainly in Europe. The European isolates segregated into two highly significant clades: a small one including three sequences and a large clade including the majority of isolates obtained in Central Europe since 2004. Discrete phylogeographical analysis showed that the most probable location of the root of the largest European clade was in Hungary a mean 12.78 years ago. The European clade bifurcated into two highly supported subclades: one including most of the Central/East European isolates and the other encompassing all of the isolates obtained in Greece. The continuous space phylogeographical analysis of the Italian clade showed that WNV-2 entered Italy in about 2008, probably by crossing the Adriatic sea and reaching a central area of the Po Valley. The epidemic then spread simultaneously eastward, to reach the region of the Po delta in 2013, and westward to the border area between Lombardy and Piedmont in 2014; later, the western strain changed direction southward, and reached the central area of the Po valley once again in 2015. Over a period of about seven years, the virus spread all over an area of northern Italy by following the Po river and its main tributaries.

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First report outside Eastern Europe of West Nile virus lineage 2 related to the Volgograd 2007 strain, northeastern Italy, 2014

Cited by 38 publications

References 20 publications

Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North‐Eastern Spain (Catalonia)

Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North‐Eastern Spain (Catalonia)

Recent Changes in Infectious Diseases in European Wildlife

Reconstructing the recent West Nile virus lineage 2 epidemic in Europe and Italy using discrete and continuous phylogeography

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