First Report of Paramyrothecium foliicola Causing Stem Canker of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Seedlings in China

Abstract

In April 2017, stem canker symptoms were observed on cucumber seedings grown in a greenhouse (0.1 ha) in Wuqing District, Tianjin(39°34′ N; 117°07′ E), China. Initially, the observed symptoms included small necrotic lesions of a light brown color on the stem base. These lesions subsequently spread and turned a darker brown. The leaves of the affected plants turned yellow and wilted. As the disease progressed the plants eventually died. Years of growing cucumbers and sufficient soil moisture in the greenhouse, might have led to a disease incidence of approximately 7%. Symptomatic tissue pieces were surface disinfested in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s, rinsed three times in sterile water, and subsequently plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C . At three days of incubation, mycelia appeared, turned into white and floccose isolated colonies around the excised tissue, and developed olivaceous green concentric rings of sporodochia in the following days. A total of 20 isolates with similar morphology were examined. Five single-spore isolates of isolates designated TJWQPF1-TJWQPF5 were obtained and maintained on PDA at 25°C. Hyaline, cylindrical conidiogenous cells measuring 9.53 to 16.51 × 1.51 to 2.49 μm (n=50) developed in whorls of three to six on terminal branches. Conidia were single-celled, hyaline, and rod-shaped with rounded ends. Conidia size averaged 5.07 - 7.15 × 1.13 - 2.32 μm (n=50). These characteristics are similar to the morphology of Paramyrothecium foliicola (Lombard et al. 2016). To further identify the isolate TJWQPF1, genomic DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS, White et al. 1990), β-tubulin (tub2, Glass & Donaldson 1995), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb2, O’Donnell et al. 2007) and calmodulin (cmdA, Carbone & Kohn 1999; Groenewald et al. 2013) genes regions were amplified using the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5, Bt2a /Bt2b, RPB2-5F2 /RPB2-7cR, CAL-228F /CAL2Rd , respectively. All sequences were obtained and deposited in GenBank. BLAST searches of the NCBI database revealed that the ITS ( MW092223 ), tub2( MW110635 ) , rpb2 ( MW110637 ) and cmdA ( MW110636 ) sequences of the isolate TJWQPF1 were 100% identical to Paramyrothecium foliicola (GenBank accession numbers MT415351 and MT415352 for ITS sequences; MT415353 for tub2 sequences; MN398028-MN398043 for rpb2 sequences; MN593698- MN593713 for cmdA sequences). We also sequenced the other four single isolates and identified them as P. foliicola. Pathogenicity tests were conducted and repeated three times. Briefly, ten healthy 45-day-old cucumber seedlings (cultivar:Jinlv No.3) were inoculated with 100 µL of conidial suspension of P. foliicola (5×105 conidia per ml). Inoculum was applied to the stem with a syringe. Three healthy cucumber seedlings had 100 µL sterile water injected into the stem to serve as controls. All treated plants were incubated in a climate-controlled growth chamber at 25℃ (90% humidity, 12:12 h light:dark). Symptoms appeared on all inoculated plants after 7 days. In contrast, control seedlings exhibited no symptoms. The fungus was re-isolated from symptomatic tissues and re-identified to be P. foliicola, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first known instance of P. foliicola inducing stem canker on cucumber plants in China. Stem canker caused by P. foliicola could pose a threat to cucumber production in China. Our results also provide a basis to monitor and manage this potential disease.

Nitrogen Fertilizer Type and Genotype as Drivers of P Acquisition and Rhizosphere Microbiota Assembly in Juvenile Maize Plants

“…Taxa belonging to the Laccaria genus, another Basidiomycota genus with mycorrhizal capability, were found to be more abundant in the F7 rhizosphere under nitrate fertilization. On the other hand, fungal members affiliated with the Ascomycota genus Paramyrothecium , which contains species causing leaf spot, leaf blight, and stem and crown canker on many commercial crops worldwide [ 32 , 33 ], were instead found as biomarkers for the F7 rhizosphere community in the ammonium treatment.…”

Identification and Pathogenicity of Paramyrothecium Species Associated with Leaf Spot Disease in Northern Thailand

“…Aumentado and Balendres [ 12 ] reported P. foliicola causing crater rot in eggplant and 45 plant species from 21 plant families and were tested for the pathogenicity on detached fruit or leaf assays. Furthermore, P. foliicola is pathogenic to cucumber seedlings and watermelon, causing stem canker [ 13 ]. Due to the lignicolous nature of the Paramyrothecium , they are being used as bio-pesticides for the control of weeds and insects [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Paramyrothecium foliicola causes crown dry rot of melon (Cucumis melo) in Iran

“…4) and P. foliicola was re-isolated from all susceptible plant species. P. foliicola, a soil inhabiting pathogen, has been reported to cause plant diseases such as leaf spot on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and watermelon, crater rot in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and stem canker on watermelon and cucumber (Rennberger & Keinath, 2020;Cruz-Lachica et al, 2021;Huo et al, 2021;Sun et al, 2021;Aumentado & Balendres, 2022). Crown canker of muskmelon caused by P. roridum has been recently reported in China (Chen et al, 2018).…”