First record of Anopheles stephensi in Sri Lanka: a potential challenge for prevention of malaria reintroduction

Dharmasiri, A. G. Gayan; Perera, Ana; Harishchandra, Jeevanie; Herath, Hemantha; Aravindan, K P; Jayasooriya, H.T.R.; Ranawaka, Gaya; Hewavitharane, Mihirini

doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1977-7

Cited by 71 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…annularis as secondary vectors together with several other minor vectors [ 2 – 6 ]. Anopheles stephensi , never previously detected in Sri Lanka [ 7 , 8 ], was recently identified on the island of Mannar off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotype and biotype of invasive Anopheles stephensi in Mannar Island of Sri Lanka

et al. 2018

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BackgroundAnopheles stephensi, the major vector of urban malaria in India, was recently detected for the first time in Sri Lanka in Mannar Island on the northwestern coast. Since there are different biotypes of An. stephensi with different vector capacities in India, a study was undertaken to further characterise the genotype and biotype of An. stephensi in Mannar Island.MethodsMosquito larvae were collected in Pesalai village in Mannar and maintained in the insectary until adulthood. Adult An. stephensi were identified morphologically using published keys. Identified adult An. stephensi were molecularly characterized using two mitochondrial (cox1 and cytb) and one nuclear (ITS2) markers. Their PCR-amplified target fragments were sequenced and checked against available sequences in GenBank for phylogenetic analysis. The average spiracular and thoracic lengths and the spiracular index were determined to identify biotypes based on corresponding indices for Indian An. stephensi.ResultsAll DNA sequences for the Mannar samples matched reported sequences for An. stephensi from the Middle East and India. However, a single nucleotide variation in the cox1 sequence suggested an amino acid change from valine to methionine in the cox1 protein in Sri Lankan An. stephensi. Morphological data was consistent with the presence of the Indian urban vector An. stephensi type-form in Sri Lanka.ConclusionsThe present study provides a more detailed molecular characterization of An. stephensi and suggests the presence of the type-form of the vector for the first time in Sri Lanka. The single mutation in the cox1 gene may be indicative of a founder effect causing the initial diversification of An. stephensi in Sri Lanka from the Indian form. The distribution of the potent urban vector An. stephensi type-form needs to be established by studies throughout the island as its spread adds to the challenge of maintaining the country’s malaria-free status.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2601-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the detection of An. stephensi on Mannar Island [ 9 ], strict adult and preimaginal vector control measures have been implemented by the Antimalaria Campaign (AMC) to eliminate it and curtail its spread to the mainland. The initial identification of An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype and biotype of invasive Anopheles stephensi in Mannar Island of Sri Lanka

et al. 2018

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“…However, this association was based on geospatial analysis that did not control for potential confounders. Others report that Anopheles stephensi also breeds in manufactured containers (130,131).…”

Section: Other Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Wastes Provide Breeding Sites, Burrows, and Food for Biological Disease Vectors, and Urban Zoonotic Reservoirs: A Call to Action for Solutions-Based Research

Krystosik

Njoroge

Odhiambo

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

125

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Background: Infectious disease epidemiology and planetary health literature often cite solid waste and plastic pollution as risk factors for vector-borne diseases and urban zoonoses; however, no rigorous reviews of the risks to human health have been published since 1994. This paper aims to identify research gaps and outline potential solutions to interrupt the vicious cycle of solid wastes; disease vectors and reservoirs; infection and disease; and poverty. Methods: We searched peer-reviewed publications from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Stanford Searchworks, and references from relevant articles using the search terms ("disease" OR "epidemiology") AND ("plastic pollution," "garbage," and "trash," "rubbish," "refuse," OR "solid waste"). Abstracts and reports from meetings were included only when they related directly to previously published work. Only articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese through 2018 were included, with a focus on post-1994, after the last comprehensive review was published. Cancer, diabetes, and food chain-specific articles were outside the scope and excluded. After completing the literature review, we further limited the literature to "urban zoonotic and biological vector-borne diseases" or to "zoonotic and biological vector-borne diseases of the urban environment." Results: Urban biological vector-borne diseases, especially Aedes-borne diseases, are associated with solid waste accumulation but vector preferences vary over season and region. Urban zoonosis, especially rodent and canine disease reservoirs, are associated with solid waste in urban settings, especially when garbage accumulates over time, creating burrowing sites and food for reservoirs. Although evidence suggests the link between plastic pollution/solid waste and human disease, measurements are not standardized, confounders are not rigorously controlled, and the quality of evidence varies. Here we propose a framework for solutions-based research in three areas: innovation, education, and policy. Krystosik et al. Solid Wastes and Disease Vectors and Reservoirs Conclusions: Disease epidemics are increasing in scope and scale with urban populations growing, climate change providing newly suitable vector climates, and immunologically naïve populations becoming newly exposed. Sustainable solid waste management is crucial to prevention, specifically in urban environments that favor urban vectors such as Aedes species. We propose that next steps should include more robust epidemiological measurements and propose a framework for solutions-based research.

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“…varuna [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Anopheles stephensi (sensu stricto) (type-form), the potent urban vector of malaria in India, was first detected in Sri Lanka in 2017 [13,14]. The expansion of its range to Sri Lanka occurred after its spread to South India as well as Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Sudan in Northeast Africa [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anopheles stephensi, the dominant urban malaria vector in India, was first detected in Mannar island in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka in 2017 ( Fig. 1a) [13][14][15] and subsequently in domestic wells and water storage tanks in Jaffna city in 2018, with a genotype consistent with an origin in Tamil Nadu [15]. Indigenous malaria transmission re-emerging in Jaffna city and the Jaffna Peninsula remains possible because of the proximity to malaria-endemic areas of Tamil Nadu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheline bionomics, insecticide resistance and transnational dispersion in the context of controlling a possible recurrence of malaria transmission in Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka

et al. 2020

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Background: Malaria was eliminated from Sri Lanka in 2013. However, the influx of infected travelers and the presence of potent anopheline vectors can re-initiate transmission in Jaffna city, which is separated by a narrow strait from the malaria-endemic Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Methods: Anopheline larvae were collected from different habitats in Jaffna city and the susceptibility of emergent adults to DDT, malathion and deltamethrin investigated. Results: Anopheline larvae were found in wells, surface-exposed drains, ponds, water puddles and water storage tanks, with many containing polluted, alkaline and brackish water. Anopheles culicifacies, An. subpictus, An. stephensi and An. varuna were identified in the collections. Adults of the four anopheline species were resistant to DDT. Anopheles subpictus and An. stephensi were resistant while An. culicifacies and An. varuna were possibly resistant to deltamethrin. Anopheles stephensi was resistant, An. subpictus possibly resistant while An. varuna and An. culicifacies were susceptible to malathion. DNA sequencing showed a L1014F (TTA to TTC) mutation in the IIS6 transmembrane segment of the voltage-gated sodium channel protein in deltamethrin-resistant An. subpictus-a mutation previously observed in India but not Sri Lanka. Conclusion: Anopheles subpictus in Jaffna, like An. stephensi, may have recently originated in coastal Tamil Nadu. Besides infected overseas travelers, wind-and boat-borne carriage of Plasmodium-infected anophelines across the Palk Strait can potentially reintroduce malaria transmission to Jaffna city. Adaptation to diverse larval habitats and resistance to common insecticides in anophelines are identified as potential problems for vector control should this happen.

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First record of Anopheles stephensi in Sri Lanka: a potential challenge for prevention of malaria reintroduction

Cited by 71 publications

References 18 publications

Genotype and biotype of invasive Anopheles stephensi in Mannar Island of Sri Lanka

Genotype and biotype of invasive Anopheles stephensi in Mannar Island of Sri Lanka

Solid Wastes Provide Breeding Sites, Burrows, and Food for Biological Disease Vectors, and Urban Zoonotic Reservoirs: A Call to Action for Solutions-Based Research

Anopheline bionomics, insecticide resistance and transnational dispersion in the context of controlling a possible recurrence of malaria transmission in Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka

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