Fifty Men, 3510 Marathons, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Coronary Artery Calcium Scores

Roberts, William O.; Schwartz, Robert S.; Garberich, Ross; Carlson, Samantha; Knickelbine, Thomas; Schwartz, Jonathan; Peichel, Gretchen; Lesser, John R.; Wickstrom, Kelly; Harris, Kevin M.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001373

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In a study conducted on marathon runners who have run at least one marathon per year for 25 years, an increase in coronary artery calcification was noted, however it appeared to be related to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and not to the number of marathons or training years [116]. Two other studies investigating the correlation between high exercise levels and coronary calcification have found a higher presence of atherosclerotic plaques in highly trained subjects compared to sedentary ones, however, these have better stability and a more favorable composition for the same cardiovascular risk profile [117,118].…”

Section: Exercise Dose and Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art

Calabrese

Garofano

Palumbo

et al. 2021

Life

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Recent scientific literature has investigated the cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. The mechanisms of cardiovascular damage seem to involve the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to which severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) binds to penetrate cells and other mechanisms, most of which are still under study. Cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 include heart failure, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism. This article aims to collect scientific evidence by exploiting PubMed, Scopus, and Pedro databases to highlight the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 and to define the physiotherapy treatment recommended for these patients. Exercise training (ET), an important part of cardiac rehabilitation, is a powerful tool in physiotherapy, capable of inducing significant changes in the cardiovascular system and functional in the recovery of endothelial dysfunction and for the containment of thromboembolic complications. In conclusion, due to the wide variety of possible exercise programs that can be obtained by combining intensity, duration, and speed in various ways, and by adjusting the program based on continuous patient monitoring, exercise training is well suited to the treatment of post-COVID patients with an impaired cardiovascular system of various degrees.

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Section: Exercise Dose and Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art

Calabrese

Garofano

Palumbo

et al. 2021

Life

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“…Studies in endurance runners show that the frequency of adverse cardiovascular events in marathoners is equivalent to that in a population with established CHD, suggesting that too much exercise may be detrimental ( 132 ). An upper limit for the cardiovascular benefits of exercise is further supported by a recent study showing that individuals who completed at least 25 marathons over a period of 25 years have higher than expected levels of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and calcified coronary plaque volume when compared with sedentary individuals ( 133 ). A recent investigation also showed that individuals who maintain very high levels of physical activity (~3 times recommended levels) have higher odds of developing CAC, particularly in white males ( 134 ).…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Remaining Questions To Be Addressedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise

Nystoriak

Bhatnagar

2018

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

515

314

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It is widely accepted that regular physical activity is beneficial for cardiovascular health. Frequent exercise is robustly associated with a decrease in cardiovascular mortality as well as the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Physically active individuals have lower blood pressure, higher insulin sensitivity, and a more favorable plasma lipoprotein profile. Animal models of exercise show that repeated physical activity suppresses atherogenesis and increases the availability of vasodilatory mediators such as nitric oxide. Exercise has also been found to have beneficial effects on the heart. Acutely, exercise increases cardiac output and blood pressure, but individuals adapted to exercise show lower resting heart rate and cardiac hypertrophy. Both cardiac and vascular changes have been linked to a variety of changes in tissue metabolism and signaling, although our understanding of the contribution of the underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. Even though moderate levels of exercise have been found to be consistently associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk, there is evidence to suggest that continuously high levels of exercise (e.g., marathon running) could have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, a specific dose response relationship between the extent and duration of exercise and the reduction in cardiovascular disease risk and mortality remains unclear. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms that impart cardiovascular benefits of exercise in order to develop more effective exercise regimens, test the interaction of exercise with diet, and develop pharmacological interventions for those unwilling or unable to exercise.

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“…While too much exercise may be detrimental and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [47,75]. Reports in endurance runners demonstrated that marathoners who completed at least 25 marathons in more than 25 years normally possess more severe coronary artery calcification and calcified coronary plaque [78]. A recent survey denoted that individuals who maintain a very high level of physical activity have likely higher odds of developing coronary artery calcification, especially in white American males [79].…”

Section: Risk Of Exercise For Cardiovascular Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise and Selective Autophagy: Benefit and Risk on Cardiovascular Health

Tian

Chen

et al. 2019

Cells

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Physical exercise promotes cardiorespiratory fitness, and is considered the mainstream of non-pharmacological therapies along with lifestyle modification for various chronic diseases, in particular cardiovascular diseases. Physical exercise may positively affect various cardiovascular risk factors including body weight, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, lipid and glucose metabolism, heart function, endothelial function, and body fat composition. With the ever-rising prevalence of obesity and other types of metabolic diseases, as well as sedentary lifestyle, regular exercise of moderate intensity has been indicated to benefit cardiovascular health and reduce overall disease mortality. Exercise offers a wide cadre of favorable responses in the cardiovascular system such as improved dynamics of the cardiovascular system, reduced prevalence of coronary heart diseases and cardiomyopathies, enhanced cardiac reserve capacity, and autonomic regulation. Ample clinical and experimental evidence has indicated an emerging role for autophagy, a conservative catabolism process to degrade and recycle cellular organelles and nutrients, in exercise training-offered cardiovascular benefits. Regular physical exercise as a unique form of physiological stress is capable of triggering adaptation while autophagy in particular selective autophagy seems to be permissive to such cardiovascular adaptation. Here in this mini-review, we will summarize the role for autophagy in particular mitochondrial selective autophagy namely mitophagy in the benefit versus risk of physical exercise on cardiovascular function.

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Fifty Men, 3510 Marathons, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Coronary Artery Calcium Scores

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art

Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art

Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise

Physical Exercise and Selective Autophagy: Benefit and Risk on Cardiovascular Health

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