Fiber direction and stacking sequence design for bicycle frame made of carbon/epoxy composite laminate

Liu, Thomas Jin-Chee; Wu, Huang-Chieh

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.10.036

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Under the Cartesian coordinate 1-2-3, the constitutive equation of the orthotropic material such as carbon fibre-reinforced plastic is [22] as follows: …”

Section: Orthotropic Materials Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Bending Responses of Sandwich Panels with Aluminium Honeycomb Core and CFRP Skins Used in Electric Vehicle Body

Xiao

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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e aim of this paper was to investigate bending responses of sandwich panels with aluminium honeycomb core and carbon fibrereinforced plastic (CFRP) skins used in electric vehicle body subjected to quasistatic bending. e typical load-displacement curves, failure modes, and energy absorption are studied. e effects of fibre direction, stacking sequence, layer thickness, and loading velocity on the crashworthiness characteristics are discussed. e finite element analysis (FEA) results are compared with experimental measurements. It is observed that there are good agreements between the FEA and experimental results. Numerical simulations and experiment predict that the honeycomb sandwich panels with ±30°and ±45°fibre direction, asymmetrical stacking sequence (45°/−45°/45°/−45°), thicker panels (0.2 mm∼0.4 mm), and smaller loading velocity (5 mm/min∼30 mm/min) have better crashworthiness performance. e FEA prediction is also helpful in understanding the initiation and propagation of cracks within the honeycomb sandwich panels.

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“…Under the Cartesian coordinate 1-2-3, the constitutive equation of the orthotropic material such as carbon fibre-reinforced plastic is [22] as follows: …”

Section: Orthotropic Materials Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e results showed that the energy absorption (EA) of aluminium honeycomb-filled CFRP tubes increased from 20% to 36% more than the energy absorption of hollow CFRP tubes at different crushing velocities. Liu and Wu [22] investigated the lateral planar crushing and bending responses of CFRP square tubes filled with aluminium honeycomb.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bending Responses of Sandwich Panels with Aluminium Honeycomb Core and CFRP Skins Used in Electric Vehicle Body

Xiao

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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“…While in this time it has been possible for large scale manufacturers to customise butted tubing profiles for mass produced bicycles, in recent years, customised tubing profiles have become more accessible to small scale frame builders for specialist one-off frame projects [1]. To complement the progress made in materials and manufacturing technologies, the use of numerical simulations is also becoming more common amongst bicycle designers to analyse frame behavior and, where possible, assist in designing more lightweight and fit for purpose bicycles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Previous studies have shown how finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to support designers in the selection of individual tubes to tune the stiffness and strength behaviour of frames [1,13,15,17,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Effects of Tube Butting on the Structural Performance of Steel Bicycle Frames

Covill

Drouet

2018

The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association

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Abstract:Previous studies have shown how finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to support designers and frame builders in the selection of butted tubes to tune the stiffness and strength behaviour of steel bicycles. The aim of this paper was therefore to analyse the effects of tube butting on the stiffness, stress distribution and energy absorption behaviour of bicycle frames using numerical simulations. Butted tubes were shown to provide a highly effective means to decrease mass whilst producing a disproportionately small change in stress compared with a straight gauge tubeset with a maximum material condition although there was no added benefit in terms of stiffness or strain energy. Conversely, decreasing the wall thickness produced an increase in stress at the tube ends that was disproportionate to the change in mass. This work can now be extended to analyse a fuller set of butted profiles for a range of tube types.

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“…2005a [2]; British Standards. 2005b [3]) development of specialist measuring equipment for bicycles (Soden and Adeyefa, 1979 [22]; McKenna et al, 2002 [15]; Oertel et al, 2010 [17]; Petrone et al, 2012 [19]; Vanwalleghem et al, 2012 [25]; Vanwalleghem et al, 2014 [26]) simulation of bicycles and bicycle components (Peterson and Londry, 1986 [18]; Xie, 1994 [28]; Lessard et al, 1995 [11]; Maestrelli and Falsini, 2008 [13]; Liu and Wu, 2010 [12]; Tak et al, 2010 [24]; Xiang et al, 2011 [27]; Covill et al 2014 [7]; Kingsley et al 2015 [9]), and the ergonomic and anthropometric requirements of cyclists (Kolin and De la Rosa, 1979 [10]; Burke, 1994 [4]; Stevens, 2006 [23]; Mann, 2010 [14]; Moore et al 2010 [16]; Hsaio and Ko, 2013 [8]). Performing Finite Element (FE) analysis on bicycle frames has become a common activity for bicycle designers and engineers in the hope of improving the performance of the frames.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric Finite Element Analysis of Steel Bicycle Frames: The Influence of Tube Selection on Frame Stiffness

Covill¹,

Blayden²,

Coren³

et al. 2015

Procedia Engineering

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This paper presents a parametric Finite Element model of road bicycle frames using beam elements with varying tube profiles. A range of existing frame geometries were subject to various in plane and out of plane loading conditions to examine the influence of tube profiles (as published by the Reynolds, Columbus and Tange manufacturers) on the lateral stiffness and vertical compliance of the frames. This was an extension of previous work which characterised the influence of overall frame geometries (tube lengths and angles) on the stiffness characteristics of frames. For a subset range of frame sizes (with seat tube lengths varying from 490-630mm), parameters were used to define dimensions for circular tube profile shapes, varying wall thicknesses associated with butted tubes. In this paper only steel tubing was considered in order to isolate and focus in detail on the influence of the tube profile geometries on the stiffness characteristics of the frames for a single material. Further work is required to validate this model using a frame stiffness jig and to characterise the influence of material choice on the stiffness and strength characteristics for steel, aluminium and titanium frames using commercially available tubesets and their published stiffness and strength values.

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Fiber direction and stacking sequence design for bicycle frame made of carbon/epoxy composite laminate

Cited by 52 publications

References 2 publications

The Bending Responses of Sandwich Panels with Aluminium Honeycomb Core and CFRP Skins Used in Electric Vehicle Body

The Bending Responses of Sandwich Panels with Aluminium Honeycomb Core and CFRP Skins Used in Electric Vehicle Body

On the Effects of Tube Butting on the Structural Performance of Steel Bicycle Frames

Parametric Finite Element Analysis of Steel Bicycle Frames: The Influence of Tube Selection on Frame Stiffness

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