Fetal umbilical artery Doppler response to graded maternal aerobic exercise and subsequent maternal mean arterial blood pressure: Predictive value for pregnancy-induced hypertension

Exercise Guidelines for Pregnant Women

“…However, smaller infant size can only theoretically be attributed to reduced uterine blood flow and subsequent decrease in oxygen and nutrients available for the fetus. As described earlier, studies of uterine and umbilical arterial hemodynamics using Doppler waveform, sodium injection, or other methods in human beings have thus far given inconclusive results (Ballor, Beque, & Katch, 1989;Hume, et al, 1990;Moore, Jarrett, & Bendick, 1988;Moore, 1988;Moms, Osborn, Wright, & Hart, 1956;Morrow, Knox, & Bull 1989;Rauramo & Forss, 1988, Steegers, et al, 1988Veille, Bacevice, Wilson, Janos, & Hellerstein, 1989).…”

“…In 1983, Campbell and colleagues (1983) first reported a non-invasive technique for assessing utero-placental blood flow by Doppler waveform. In 1988 and 1990, several studies using Doppler waveform (Baumann, Huch, & Huch, 1989;Hume, et al, 1990;Moore, 1988;Morrow, Knox, & Bull, 1989;Steegers, et al, 1988) and one study using intravenous Xenon technique (Rauramo & Forss, 1988) reported exercise-induced changes in uterine and/or umbilical arterial and/or intervillous placental blood flow.…”

Assessment of physical fitness during pregnancy: validity and reliability of fitness tests, and relationship with maternal and neonatal health – a systematic review

“…Of the 99 tests, a total of 75 corresponded to different protocols. For instance, there were 56 different protocols using a cycle ergometer, distributed as follows: only one article used the Arstila test 68 ; one used the Bruce Protocol at 75% HR max 27 ; one applied the Modified Bruce ramp protocol at anaerobic threshold 104 ; two employed the Modified Balke protocol at 70% HR max 34 41 ; one used a YMCA protocol; 106 The remaining of articles (n=55) used ad hoc tests (ie, specifically designed for the purpose of the investigation); 11 of which 32 108 172 and 3 used mixed tests 28 33 41 containing submaximal and maximal stages within the same protocol.…”

Assessing physical fitness during pregnancy: validity and reliability of fitness tests, and relationship with maternal and neonatal health-related outcomes. A systematic review

“…For instance, there were 56 different protocols using cycle-ergometer, distributed as follows: only one article used the Arstila test [29]; one used the Bruce Protocol at 75% HR max [46]; one applied the Modified Bruce ramp protocol at anaerobic threshold [47]; two employed the Modified Balke protocol at 70% HR max [48,49]; one used YMCA protocol [50]; and the remaining articles (n=55) used ad-hoc tests (i.e. specifically designed for the purpose of the investigation); 11 of which [28,49,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] There were 25 treadmill tests that used 14 different protocols, distributed as follows: the Modified Balke protocol was used in 10 articles [8,42,63,[100][101][102][103][104][105][106]; the Modified Bruce protocol in 2 articles [13,107]; and the traditional Balke protocol -twice in the same article- [108]; the traditional Bruce protocol [109], the Cornell protocol [40], the SWET protocol and the Ebbelling single-stage protocol [18] were each used in 1 article. There were other 7 ad hoc tests of which 2 were steady-state [54,110], and 5 were incremental tests [58,[111][112][113][114].…”

“…Among the studies that used %HR max as a test termination criterion, there was a variety of percentages such as 70%[48,58,65,96], 75%[46,61,91,107] or 85%[13,40,81]. Among the studies that used %VO 2max , there were different percentages such as 40%[54], 50% [53,59], 60%[52,54], or 70%[178]. Among the studies that used absolute HR as a test termination criterion, the HR for finalizing the tests were set either at 125[86], 150[30,56,66,87], 155 [122], 160[89], or 170[77,78,82,83] beats per minute.…”