Fetal gender and postpartum depression in a cohort of Chinese women

Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review

“…Relative rather than absolute disadvantage also appears to be relevant: Wan et al 48 found that not owning a car in Beijing was associated with a higher risk of suffering a CPMD (odds ratio, OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0-3.6). Rates of CPMD were also higher among women who were young 9,37,49 ; of a religious minority, 34 or unmarried. 13,39,55 However, other studies found no association between CPMD and maternal age 10,13,16,20,22,32,36,45,48 ; marital status 9,34,37,47 ; economic difficulties or a low income 13,22,26,32,36,45,48 ; unemployment 9,16,26,34,36,47 or adverse life events.…”

“…For example, some studies excluded women who were illiterate 34 or unable to speak the researchers' language 11,12,14,20,40,41,46,[52][53][54] or who had a personal or family history of psychiatric problems. 15,21,22,26,41,49,52,55 Such studies may have underestimated prevalence.…”

“…Thus, the findings from these studies cannot be generalized to the entire population of women who have recently given birth. The most representative samples are those recruited through rural health services in countries where more than 80% of women give birth with a skilled birth attendant, 23,25,26,48,49 or through household visits in settings where women commonly give birth at home,. 32,36,45 Samples obtained differently may have yielded inaccurate prevalence estimates ( Fig.…”

“…increased risk 10,16,18,25,30,37,39,40,45,49 . Relative rather than absolute disadvantage also appears to be relevant: Wan et al 48 found that not owning a car in Beijing was associated with a higher risk of suffering a CPMD (odds ratio, OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0-3.6).…”

Poverty and postnatal depression: a systematic mapping of the evidence from low and lower middle income countries

“…Therefore, there are themes that are potentially linked with the pathways between poverty and PND that we have not explored in this mapping, which may further our understanding of the relationship. For example, we know that there are strong socio-cultural influences in some settings (not only in LLMICs) on the gender balance of offspring, and that this can have profound effects on women's propensity to develop PND (Ahmad & Khan, 2005;Xie et al, 2007). Finally, we know that there are many studies from upper middle income countries that might have relevance for understanding the relationships between PND and poverty, but that were excluded on the basis of our geographic limitations, for example, (Avan et al, 2010;Beard et al, 2005;Cooper et al, 2009;Cooper et al, 1999;Danaci et al, 2002;Ramchandani et al, 2009;Tomlinson et al, 2004).…”