Ferrocene as a precursor reagent for metal-catalyzed carbon nanotubes: competing effects

Wal, Randy L. Vander; Hall, Lee J.

doi:10.1016/s0010-2180(02)00358-9

Cited by 58 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The geometries, types (e.g., single-walled (SWCNT) or multi-walled (MWCNT)) and relative amounts of nanotubes vs. other types of carbon formed are complex functions of the iron/carbon ratio in the feedstock and other synthesis conditions [23,24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of carbon structure and morphology on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites

Doeff

Wilcox

et al. 2007

J Solid State Electrochem

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The electrochemical performance of LiFePO 4 /C composites in lithium cells is closely correlated to pressed pellet conductivities measured by AC impedance methods. These composite conductivities are a strong function not only of the amount of carbon, but of its structure and distribution. Ideally, the amount of carbon in composites should be minimal (less than about 2 wt. %) so as not to decrease the energy density unduly. This is particularly important for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications (PHEVs) where both high power and moderate energy density are required. Optimization of the carbon structure, particularly the sp 2 /sp 3 and D/G (disordered/graphene) ratios, improves the electronic conductivity while minimizing the carbon amount.Manipulation of the carbon structure can be achieved via the use of synthetic additives including iron-containing graphitization catalysts. Additionally, combustion synthesis techniques allow co-synthesis of LiFePO 4 and carbon fibers or nanotubes, which can act as "nanowires" for the conduction of current during cell operation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of carbon structure and morphology on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites

Doeff

Wilcox

et al. 2007

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…The majority of the studies on the flame synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been carried out in the gas-phase [69,70]. A continuous nanostructural change occurs through the flame volume, from the formation of the bare catalyst particle at one part of the flame volume to carbon nanotube inception and growth on the same catalyst particle in other parts of the flame volume.…”

Section: Single-walled Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vander Wal and coworkers [69,70] have made extensive use of an annular combustor configuration consisting of a 50 mm diameter sintered metal plate with a central tube of 11 mm diameter that is mounted flush with the surface of the combustor plate. For most experiments Vander Wal et al [69,70] established a fuel-rich premixed flame supported on the outer annular section of a combustor plate while reactant gas mixtures, including metal catalyst species of interest were fed through a central tube.…”

Section: Single-walled Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Chen¹

2017

AJMSP

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Significant progress has been made not only in improving the yields of carbon nanotubes, but also in gaining a profound fundamental understanding of the growth processes. Flames are emerging as a powerful tool for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. The flame volume provides a carbon-rich chemically reactive environment capable of generating nanostructures during short residence times in a continuous single-step process. The present work provides a concise review of the advances made over the past two decades in the areas of flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. An overview of existing flame methods to synthesize carbon nanotubes is first provided. Various catalytic materials, fuel types, and flame configurations have been employed in an attempt to achieve controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. Diffusion and premixed flames in counter-flow and co-flow geometries are also discussed. Various hydrocarbon fuels, oxygen enrichment, and dilution with inert gases are then examined in detail. The ability to synthesize and control carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers is essential for the fabrication of nanomechanical and electrical devices. A fundamental understanding of the growth mechanism and development of control methods is critically important to address these issues. The purpose of the present review is to clarify the growth mechanisms and achieve controlled flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers.

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“…They reported that the use of the higher alkanes in higher flow rates favored http://carbonlett.org scalable method for the production of high-purity CNTs, a systematic investigation of the parameters that affect CNT production was still to be done. Subsequently, Vander Wal et al [52,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84] conducted some detailed studies of CNTs synthesis in premixed hydrocarbon flames. In their studies, a McKenna burner was used with a stainless steel chimney at the top of the central fuel tube to stabilize the pyrolysis steam and collect the yield.…”

Section: Premixed Flame Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was observed that the particle size obtained by this method was controlled and uniform, which is favorable for producing uniform SWCNTs. Similarly, SWCNTs were synthesized within the pyrolysis flame using sublimed ferrocene as a metal catalyst precursor [80]; the sublimation temperature was controlled via the mass introduction rate by adjusting the height of the sample holder within the burner central fuel tube.…”

Section: Premixed Flame Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotubes synthesis using diffusion and premixed flame methods: a review

Mittal¹,

Dhand²,

Rhee³

et al. 2015

Carbon letters

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In recent years, flame synthesis has absorbed a great deal of attention as a combustion method for the production of metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and other related carbon nanostructures, over the existing conventional methods. Flame synthesis is an energyefficient, scalable, cost-effective, rapid and continuous process, where flame provides the necessary chemical species for the nucleation of carbon structures (feed stock or precursor) and the energy for the production of carbon nanostructures. The production yield can be optimized by altering various parameters such as fuel profile, equivalence ratio, catalyst chemistry and structure, burner configuration and residence time. In the present report, diffusion and premixed flame synthesis methods are reviewed to develop a better understanding of factors affecting the morphology, positioning, purity, uniformity and scalability for the development of carbon nanotubes along with their correlated carbonaceous derivative nanostructures.

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Ferrocene as a precursor reagent for metal-catalyzed carbon nanotubes: competing effects

Cited by 58 publications

References 35 publications

Impact of carbon structure and morphology on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites

Impact of carbon structure and morphology on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites

Recent Advances in the Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes synthesis using diffusion and premixed flame methods: a review

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