Ferro-manganese nodules from the Kara Sea: Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis

Vereshchagin, Oleg S.; Perova, E. N.; Brusnitsyn, A. I.; Ershova, Victoria; Khudoley, A. K.; Shilovskikh, Vladimir V.; Molchanova, Elena V.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.01.023

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The first has no basal reflection and diagnostic reflections at 2.45 Å and 1.42 Å, which correspond to the disordered phyllomanganate vernadite [36,37], also termed Fe-vernadite by some authors because it corresponds to Vernadite epitaxially intergrown with amorphous FeOOH [35,38,39]. The second has basal reflections at 10 Å and 5 Å and possible reflections overlapping with those of Vernadite at 2.45 Å and 1.42 Å peaks, which are together characteristic of 10 Å phyllomanganates, which can be either disordered 10 Å vernadite, or ordered buserite or asbolane, or a mixture of them [35,[40][41][42][43]. The reflections at 10 Å and 5 Å could also belong to the tectomanganate todorokite, which has reflections at 9.7 Å and 4.8 Å.…”

Section: Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis and Evolution of Ferromanganese Crusts from the Summit of Rio Grande Rise, Southwest Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2020

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The Rio Grande Rise (RGR) is a large elevation in the Atlantic Ocean and known to host potential mineral resources of ferromanganese crusts (Fe–Mn), but no investigation into their general characteristics have been made in detail. Here, we investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition, growth rates and ages of initiation, and phosphatization of relatively shallow-water (650–825 m) Fe–Mn crusts dredged from the summit of RGR by using computed tomography, X-ray diffraction, 87Sr/86Sr ratios, U–Th isotopes, and various analytical techniques to determine their chemical composition. Fe–Mn crusts from RGR have two distinct generations. The older one has an estimated age of initiation around 48–55 Ma and was extensively affected by post-depositional processes under suboxic conditions resulting in phosphatization during the Miocene (from 20 to 6.8 Ma). As a result, the older generation shows characteristics of diagenetic Fe–Mn deposits, such as low Fe/Mn ratios (mean 0.52), high Mn, Ni, and Li contents and the presence of a 10 Å phyllomanganate, combined with the highest P content among crusts (up to 7.7 wt %). The younger generation is typical of hydrogenetic crusts formed under oxic conditions, with a mean Fe/Mn ratio of 0.75 and mean Co content of 0.66 wt %, and has the highest mean contents of Bi, Nb, Ni, Te, Rh, Ru, and Pt among crusts formed elsewhere. The regeneration of nutrients from local biological productivity in the water column is the main source of metals to crusts, providing mainly metals that regenerate rapidly in the water column and are made available at relatively shallow water depths (Ni, As, V, and Cd), at the expense of metals of slower regeneration (Si and Cu). Additionally, important contributions of nutrients may derive from various water masses, especially the South Atlantic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). Bulk Fe–Mn crusts from the summit of RGR plateau are generally depleted in metals considered of greatest economic interest in crusts like Co, REE, Mo, Te, and Zr, but are the most enriched in the critical metals Ni and Li compared to other crusts. Further investigations are warranted on Fe–Mn crusts from deeper-water depths along the RGR plateau and surrounding areas, which would less likely be affected by phosphatization.

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Section: Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis and Evolution of Ferromanganese Crusts from the Summit of Rio Grande Rise, Southwest Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2020

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“…Ferromanganese oxide deposits in the Arctic Ocean were first reported and named "nodule" by Nordenskiöld in 1881. With the development of new technologies, such as ice-breakers and submarines, more and more Arctic ferromanganese materials including crusts and nodules have been collected in many places, including the Mendeleev Ridge (Baturin et al 2014;Konstantinova et al 2017), the Alpha Ridge (Stoffyn-Egli 1987), the Amerasian Basin (Brumley et al 2013;Hein et al 2017), the Barents Sea (Ingri 1985), the Kara Sea (Bogdanov et al 1995;Baturin 2011;Vereshchagin et al 2019), the Chukchi Sea (Baturin and Dubinchuk 2011;Kolesnik 2013, 2015), and other sites in the Arctic Ocean (Baturin and Dubinchuk 2011;Hein et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean

Cui

Liu

et al. 2020

Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research

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Abundant ferromanganese oxide deposits were recovered from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean during the 7th Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition in August 2016. Representative samples were collected to perform a mineralogical and geochemical analysis and elucidate their origin. Their mineral phases consist of todorokite, buserite, and birnessite, along with a small quantity of detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar, serpentine, kaolinite, and illite). Their elemental composition is rich in Ni and Mn compared to ferromanganese oxide deposits from other locations in the Chukchi Sea. The total rare earth element (REE) concentration varied from 138.95 to 207.23 μg/g with an average of 164.75 μg/g. The post-Archean Australian shale-normalized REE patterns have a slightly negative Ce anomaly and a positive Eu anomaly. The comprehensive geochemical and mineral data show that they have a mixed hydrothermal and diagenetic origin.

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“…In contrast to most developed resources on the ground surface, several countries have only begun to exploit these nodules in the ocean. Manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), the main components, are useful elements that are applied in many industries (Vereshchagin et al 2019;Randhawa et al 2016). Several places where abundant nodules are buried have already been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Different Drying Methods to Remedy Deep-sea Mining Tailings Using the Formation of Alginate-rhamnolipid Complexes With Harmful Heavy Metals Contained in Manganese Nodules

Lee¹,

Kim²

2020

Preprint

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This study investigated the usability of two drying methods to recover heavy metals contained in manganese nodules. Materials containing harmful heavy metals would be discharged during deep-sea mining processes. To improve the efficiency of future remediation practices, high-performance technology should have to be applied. Herein, two nontoxic and bio-derived substances, alginate and rhamnolipids, were used to form complexes. The complexes formed a complicated alginate-rhamnolipid (Alg-Rh) structure and that could prohibit heavy metals from being discharged by solidifying them within the complex. The content, appearance, composition, and particles of the Alg-Rh complexes formed by two drying methods—freeze-drying and high-temperature drying—were studied. In particular, metal compositions were observed between the different drying methods. These methods were found to provide good potential for remediating high concentrations of target heavy metals. Therefore, these findings can be used as a basis for future remediation technologies, including useful heavy metal recovery and high-efficiency separation.

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Ferro-manganese nodules from the Kara Sea: Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis

Cited by 41 publications

References 44 publications

Genesis and Evolution of Ferromanganese Crusts from the Summit of Rio Grande Rise, Southwest Atlantic Ocean

Genesis and Evolution of Ferromanganese Crusts from the Summit of Rio Grande Rise, Southwest Atlantic Ocean

Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean

Feasibility of Different Drying Methods to Remedy Deep-sea Mining Tailings Using the Formation of Alginate-rhamnolipid Complexes With Harmful Heavy Metals Contained in Manganese Nodules

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