Feminist nationalist social movements

Unconventional Sisterhood

“…Nor can their "feminism" be directly attributed to involvement with Philippine nationalist groups, notwithstanding an emphasis on the connections between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism in most of the extant literature on the subject. As will be further discussed in my ‹nal chapter, Aguilar (1988), Aquino (1985), and West (1992) have made notable contributions to the otherwise sparse literature on the topic, stressing the ways in which Filipina involvement in nationalist groups has engendered a concern with women's issues within the speci‹c context of neocolonialism. The sisters, however, primarily understand their own commitment to women's rights issues as a religious impulse; in short, their faith dictates and is central to their politics.…”

“…In an attempt to underline the signi‹cance of such simultaneous oppression by virtue of both gender and Third World status, such writers as Delia Aguilar (1988), Belinda Aquino (1985, and Lois West (1992), all important scholars of Filipina feminism, have stressed the importance of Philippine nationalism to the feminist movement in the Philippines. 1 All three assert the inadequacy of Western individualism and abstraction to women's actualities in the Third World context, emphasizing the fact that many Filipinas have grown cognizant of the particularity of women's problems while involved in larger protests against the U.S. presence, the Marcos regime, inequitable economic policies, and unjust labor practices.…”

“…Women within the national liberation movement are still "mixing the coffee," she said-in other words, relegated to support functions (such as supplying food and drink for their male companions) rather than given important or active decision-making roles. Then, too, the double burden of simultaneous responsibility for housework and wage work continues to impede signi‹cant female involvement in union activities, as West (1992) herself acknowledges: union husbands and fathers aren't necessarily any more likely than other Filipino men to assist their wives and daughters in the domestic sphere. In other words, the relationship between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism is clearly sometimes contradictory and obstructive-if the former has been important to the development of the latter, Philippine nationalism is also complicit in the continued subordination of women and the relegation of issues speci‹cally concerning women to secondary status.…”

“…2. The KMK currently claims to represent ‹fteen thousand women workers-a signi‹cant but still small number when compared to the more than eight million women workers reported by the Philippine Department of Labor in 1986 (West 1992). Although the KMK originally comprised primarily laborers in factories and in the service sectors, by 1988 peasant women, sugar workers, and miners' wives were included.…”

Unconventional Sisterhood

“…Nor can their "feminism" be directly attributed to involvement with Philippine nationalist groups, notwithstanding an emphasis on the connections between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism in most of the extant literature on the subject. As will be further discussed in my ‹nal chapter, Aguilar (1988), Aquino (1985), and West (1992) have made notable contributions to the otherwise sparse literature on the topic, stressing the ways in which Filipina involvement in nationalist groups has engendered a concern with women's issues within the speci‹c context of neocolonialism. The sisters, however, primarily understand their own commitment to women's rights issues as a religious impulse; in short, their faith dictates and is central to their politics.…”

“…In an attempt to underline the signi‹cance of such simultaneous oppression by virtue of both gender and Third World status, such writers as Delia Aguilar (1988), Belinda Aquino (1985, and Lois West (1992), all important scholars of Filipina feminism, have stressed the importance of Philippine nationalism to the feminist movement in the Philippines. 1 All three assert the inadequacy of Western individualism and abstraction to women's actualities in the Third World context, emphasizing the fact that many Filipinas have grown cognizant of the particularity of women's problems while involved in larger protests against the U.S. presence, the Marcos regime, inequitable economic policies, and unjust labor practices.…”

“…Women within the national liberation movement are still "mixing the coffee," she said-in other words, relegated to support functions (such as supplying food and drink for their male companions) rather than given important or active decision-making roles. Then, too, the double burden of simultaneous responsibility for housework and wage work continues to impede signi‹cant female involvement in union activities, as West (1992) herself acknowledges: union husbands and fathers aren't necessarily any more likely than other Filipino men to assist their wives and daughters in the domestic sphere. In other words, the relationship between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism is clearly sometimes contradictory and obstructive-if the former has been important to the development of the latter, Philippine nationalism is also complicit in the continued subordination of women and the relegation of issues speci‹cally concerning women to secondary status.…”

“…2. The KMK currently claims to represent ‹fteen thousand women workers-a signi‹cant but still small number when compared to the more than eight million women workers reported by the Philippine Department of Labor in 1986 (West 1992). Although the KMK originally comprised primarily laborers in factories and in the service sectors, by 1988 peasant women, sugar workers, and miners' wives were included.…”

Unconventional Sisterhood

“…Nor can their "feminism" be directly attributed to involvement with Philippine nationalist groups, notwithstanding an emphasis on the connections between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism in most of the extant literature on the subject. As will be further discussed in my ‹nal chapter, Aguilar (1988), Aquino (1985), and West (1992) have made notable contributions to the otherwise sparse literature on the topic, stressing the ways in which Filipina involvement in nationalist groups has engendered a concern with women's issues within the speci‹c context of neocolonialism. The sisters, however, primarily understand their own commitment to women's rights issues as a religious impulse; in short, their faith dictates and is central to their politics.…”

“…In an attempt to underline the signi‹cance of such simultaneous oppression by virtue of both gender and Third World status, such writers as Delia Aguilar (1988), Belinda Aquino (1985, and Lois West (1992), all important scholars of Filipina feminism, have stressed the importance of Philippine nationalism to the feminist movement in the Philippines. 1 All three assert the inadequacy of Western individualism and abstraction to women's actualities in the Third World context, emphasizing the fact that many Filipinas have grown cognizant of the particularity of women's problems while involved in larger protests against the U.S. presence, the Marcos regime, inequitable economic policies, and unjust labor practices.…”

“…Women within the national liberation movement are still "mixing the coffee," she said-in other words, relegated to support functions (such as supplying food and drink for their male companions) rather than given important or active decision-making roles. Then, too, the double burden of simultaneous responsibility for housework and wage work continues to impede signi‹cant female involvement in union activities, as West (1992) herself acknowledges: union husbands and fathers aren't necessarily any more likely than other Filipino men to assist their wives and daughters in the domestic sphere. In other words, the relationship between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism is clearly sometimes contradictory and obstructive-if the former has been important to the development of the latter, Philippine nationalism is also complicit in the continued subordination of women and the relegation of issues speci‹cally concerning women to secondary status.…”

“…2. The KMK currently claims to represent ‹fteen thousand women workers-a signi‹cant but still small number when compared to the more than eight million women workers reported by the Philippine Department of Labor in 1986 (West 1992). Although the KMK originally comprised primarily laborers in factories and in the service sectors, by 1988 peasant women, sugar workers, and miners' wives were included.…”

Unconventional Sisterhood

“…Nor can their "feminism" be directly attributed to involvement with Philippine nationalist groups, notwithstanding an emphasis on the connections between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism in most of the extant literature on the subject. As will be further discussed in my ‹nal chapter, Aguilar (1988), Aquino (1985), and West (1992) have made notable contributions to the otherwise sparse literature on the topic, stressing the ways in which Filipina involvement in nationalist groups has engendered a concern with women's issues within the speci‹c context of neocolonialism. The sisters, however, primarily understand their own commitment to women's rights issues as a religious impulse; in short, their faith dictates and is central to their politics.…”

“…In an attempt to underline the signi‹cance of such simultaneous oppression by virtue of both gender and Third World status, such writers as Delia Aguilar (1988), Belinda Aquino (1985, and Lois West (1992), all important scholars of Filipina feminism, have stressed the importance of Philippine nationalism to the feminist movement in the Philippines. 1 All three assert the inadequacy of Western individualism and abstraction to women's actualities in the Third World context, emphasizing the fact that many Filipinas have grown cognizant of the particularity of women's problems while involved in larger protests against the U.S. presence, the Marcos regime, inequitable economic policies, and unjust labor practices.…”

“…Women within the national liberation movement are still "mixing the coffee," she said-in other words, relegated to support functions (such as supplying food and drink for their male companions) rather than given important or active decision-making roles. Then, too, the double burden of simultaneous responsibility for housework and wage work continues to impede signi‹cant female involvement in union activities, as West (1992) herself acknowledges: union husbands and fathers aren't necessarily any more likely than other Filipino men to assist their wives and daughters in the domestic sphere. In other words, the relationship between Philippine nationalism and Philippine feminism is clearly sometimes contradictory and obstructive-if the former has been important to the development of the latter, Philippine nationalism is also complicit in the continued subordination of women and the relegation of issues speci‹cally concerning women to secondary status.…”

“…2. The KMK currently claims to represent ‹fteen thousand women workers-a signi‹cant but still small number when compared to the more than eight million women workers reported by the Philippine Department of Labor in 1986 (West 1992). Although the KMK originally comprised primarily laborers in factories and in the service sectors, by 1988 peasant women, sugar workers, and miners' wives were included.…”