“…This shortcoming thus limits the use of such methods. In contrast to the model-based methods, the process history-based methods (data-driven methods) [6], such as PCA [7,8], DPCA [9,10], DPCA-DR [11], multi-scale PCA [12], ICA [13], DICA [14], KDICA [15], the GPLV model [16], and DHKPLS [17], do not need a priori knowledge and only rely on process knowledge. These methods eliminate the use of detailed models, which are expensive and difficult to develop for quantitative or qualitative model-based methods; thus, the data-driven methods have been extensively studied and developed over the past few decades.…”