Fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo em mulheres brasileiras

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partners and factors associated with this, in different sociocultural contexts. METHODS:This cross-sectional study was part of the "WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women". It consisted of representative samples of women from the municipality of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) and from the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil), this latter is a region with more traditional gender norms. Interviews were conducted in the homes of 940 women in São Paulo and 1,188 in the Zona da Mata, in the years 2000-1. The women were aged 15 to 49 years and had all had at least one intimate partnership with a man during their lifetimes. Three sets of factors were constructed, corresponding to hierarchically organized categories: sociodemographic, family and female autonomy/submission characteristics. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with intimate partner violence at each location. RESULTS:A prevalence of 28.9% was found in Sao Paulo (95% CI 26.0;31.8) and 36.9% (95% CI 34.1;39.6) in Zona da Mata. Up to eight years of schooling, conjugal physical violence between the women's parents, sexual abuse during childhood, fi ve or more pregnancies and drinking problems were associated with intimate partner violence at both locations. Financial autonomy for the woman, informal partnership, age and consent to the fi rst sexual intercourse were associated with higher rates only in Zona da Mata. The socioeconomic characteristics that presented associations in the fi rst category were mediated by other factors in the fi nal model. CONCLUSIONS:The fi ndings show the relativization of socioeconomic factors in relation to other factors, particularly those representing gender attributes. Sociocultural differences were found between the two locations, and these were refl ected in the associated factors.

Fatores associados à violência física por parceiro íntimo em usuárias de serviços de saúde

“…1,2,10 A study conducted in the city of São Paulo and Zona da Mata of Pernambuco found that eight years of schooling or less was associated with IPV, but it lost signifi cance when mediated by other factors. 6,13 Sociodemographic variables associated with IPV in the univariate analysis in this study, such as level of education, marital status and head of household, seem to point to gender confl icts that cause violence in relationships. More educated women would have more resources to achieve greater autonomy and could be more equipped to identify and break away from abusive relationships.…”

“…Age has not often been associated with IPV, although some studies have showed higher prevalence among young people 6 while others have found an association of older partner's age with lower risk. 1 One in every six female college students in Spain has ever experienced violence by an intimate partner or other male person.…”

“…However, women earning more than their partners can be a reason for confl ict. 1,2,6 Violence against women occurs as a strategy for the maintenance of male power.…”

“…A study in India have showed that women running small businesses or productive activities were found more likely to experience violence. 2 The category "separated" was also associated with IPV in a study in São Paulo, 6 which suggests that many women can free themselves from a situation of violence, challenging the stereotype that IPV is irrevocably a chronic situation.…”

Violência no trabalho em saúde: a experiência de servidores estaduais da saúde no Estado da Bahia, Brasil

“…No que tange à violência às mulheres, já existe vasta literatura que associa a vitimização às diferenças de gênero 8,9,10 . Entretanto, apesar dos vários estudos sobre o assunto no espaço domés-tico, presume-se que a violência contra as mulheres no local de trabalho, especialmente no que se refere ao assédio sexual, ainda permanece na invisibilidade 11 .…”