Biomolecules, especially proteins, peptides, and DNA, which function as the molecular building blocks of biological systems, are of fundamental importance for creating future biogeneration of electronic and photonic devices and sensors in hybrid architectures.1À4 Their unique molecular capabilities in self-assembly make these molecules desired candidates for hybrid applications at the nanoÀbio interface (compared to available synthetic approaches). In nanotechnology applications, great attention has been paid to biohybrid nanomaterial systems to discover new assembly techniques. 5À9 In this context, the interaction of nanoparticles with proteins, peptides, and DNA has been studied for innovative and robust biohybrid designs.
10À12Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDots), also known as nanocrystals, have been utilized in several nano-and biotechnological applications. 13,14 Their attractive electronic and optical properties including size-tunable optical emission, high quantum yield, and photostability enabled these nanoparticles to be exploited in various photonic device platforms. 15 In recent studies, for example, capabilities of QDots have been demonstrated for white light generation and tunability in color-conversion light-emitting diodes. 16,17 With their unique and desirable properties QDots have been one of the most widely studied classes of nanomaterial systems for protein and peptide based systems.18 Quantum dot labeled proteins and peptides promise to be useful as molecular probes in many applications including cancer targeting, 19,20 determination of toxins in food and environmental samples, 21 and detection and quantification of pathogenic microorganisms in food samples. 22 Beyond sensitive biolabeling applications, in the past decade, studies also showed that semiconductor QDots (e.g., CdTe and CdSe) can be utilized in F€ orster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes. Such nonradiative energy transfer directs excitation energy from donor QDots to acceptor QDots in close proximity.
23À25QDots have been widely used in FRET processes in biomolecular systems and many successful applications were demonstrated. In the work reported by Matussi et al., maltose binding proteins labeled with Cy3 dye (emitting at 570 nm) were conjugated to QDots emitting at 510 nm, and the resulting energy transfer between the dye molecules and quantum dots was probed. Upon binding the proteins changed conformation to allow FRET.26 Similar studies were also conducted for the targeted conjugation of QDots with proteins without sacrificing the protein functionality. 27 In another study QDotÀprotein bioconjugates were utilized in building protein arrays for specific recognition of targeted antibodies and elements, where FRET signal was used for robust detection of proteinÀantigen molecule interaction. 28,29 Quenching is another phenomenon used as a signal from QDotÀprotein bioconjugates. This was exploited to detect a drug molecule ABSTRACT: A bottom-up approach for constructing colloidal semiconductor quantum dot ...