Failure of Human Pregnancy after Implantation

Grudzinskas, J.G.; Nysenbaum, A. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37503.x

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The earliest outward sign of pregnancy is a missed menstrual period, approximately 2 weeks after fertilisation, although amenorrhoea in women of reproductive age is not exclusively associated with fertilisation 49, 50 . Several potentially diagnostic pregnancy-associated proteins have been identified 51 of which only one, Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF) 52 , has been claimed to be produced by embryos within one day of fertilisation. However, there is doubt about the utility of EPF for diagnosing early pregnancy 53 and little has been published on it in the past five years.…”

Section: What the Data Saymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimates for early/occult loss ranged from 0% to 58.3% in studies 58– 62 prior to Wilcox in 1988 63 . This high variance was probably due to reduced specificity and sensitivity of the hCG assays and sub-optimal study design 48, 51, 71– 74 . Studies from 1988 63 onwards have produced more consistent data indicating early/occult loss of approximately 20% ( Figure 3).…”

Section: What the Data Saymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Jarvis

2016

F1000Res

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It is generally accepted that natural human embryo mortality during pregnancy is high – losses of 70% and higher from fertilisation to birth are frequently claimed. The first external sign of pregnancy occurs two weeks after fertilisation with a missed menstrual period. Establishing the fate of embryos before this is challenging, and hampered by a lack of data on the efficiency of fertilisation under natural conditions. Four distinct sources are cited to justify quantitative claims regarding embryo loss: (i) a hypothesis published by Roberts & Lowe in The Lancet is widely cited but has no quantitative value; (ii) life table analyses give consistent assessments of clinical pregnancy loss, but cannot illuminate losses at earlier stages of development; (iii) studies that measure human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) reveal losses in the second week of development and beyond, but not before; and (iv) the classic studies of Hertig and Rock offer the only direct insight into the fate of human embryos from fertilisation under natural conditions. Re-examination of Hertig’s data demonstrates that his estimates for fertilisation rate and early embryo loss are highly imprecise and casts doubt on the validity of his numerical analysis. A recent re-analysis of hCG study data suggests that approximately 40-60% of embryos may be lost between fertilisation and birth, although this will vary substantially between individual women. In conclusion, it is clear that some published estimates of natural embryo mortality are exaggerated. Although available data do not provide a precise estimate, natural human embryo mortality is lower than is often claimed.

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Section: What the Data Saymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What the Data Saymentioning

confidence: 99%

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Jarvis

2016

F1000Res

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“…With the advent of mAbs that react with specific type of cells, it has been postulated that majority of endometrial stromal cells are of lymphoid origin, 31 and the tissue is specialized in the process of T-lymphocyte selection, maturation, and expansion that occur in the context of its microenvironment. 32 Immunostaining for leukocyte common antigen has demonstrated that, PBL are the major cell population (55-60%) in the human endometrium, 13 followed by T cells and macrophages. The absolute number of these cells are reported to vary throughout the menstrual cycle and according to the stage of pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Integrin Receptors on Peripheral Lymphocytes: Correlation with Endometrial Receptivity¹

Reddy

Gupta

Meherji

2001

American J Rep Immunol

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“…Evidence in the epidemiological literature indicates that the unobserved subset of pregnancies may be large; as many as one-half or more of normal, otherwise viable pregnancies may end without a live birth (Benagiano et al 2010; Grudzinskas and Nysenbaum 1985; Macklon et al 2002). There is also evidence that the female survival advantage observed throughout the human life course may begin before birth, manifesting in sex ratios among early pregnancies that are substantially more male than sex ratios among live births (Pergament et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition

Hamoudi

Nobles

2014

Demography

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Provocative studies have reported that in the United States, marriages producing firstborn daughters are more likely to divorce than those producing firstborn sons. The findings have been interpreted as contemporary evidence of fathers' son preference. Our study explores the potential role of another set of dynamics that may drive these patterns: namely, selection into live birth. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the characteristic female survival advantage may begin before birth. If stress accompanying unstable marriages has biological effects on fecundity, a female survival advantage could generate an association between stability and the sex composition of offspring. Combining regression and simulation techniques to analyze real-world data, we ask, How much of the observed association between sex of the firstborn child and risk of divorce could plausibly be accounted for by the joint effects of female survival advantage and reduced fecundity associated with unstable marriage? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that relationship conflict predicts the sex of children born after conflict was measured; conflict also predicts subsequent divorce. Conservative specification of parameters linking pregnancy characteristics, selection into live birth, and divorce are sufficient to generate a selection-driven association between offspring sex and divorce, which is consequential in magnitude. Our findings illustrate the value of demographic accounting of processes which occur before birth—a period when many outcomes of central interest in the population sciences begin to take shape.

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Failure of Human Pregnancy after Implantation

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Expression of Integrin Receptors on Peripheral Lymphocytes: Correlation with Endometrial Receptivity¹

Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition

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Failure of Human Pregnancy after Implantation

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Expression of Integrin Receptors on Peripheral Lymphocytes: Correlation with Endometrial Receptivity1

Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition

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Product

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Expression of Integrin Receptors on Peripheral Lymphocytes: Correlation with Endometrial Receptivity¹