Factors associated with the risk of progression to precursor lesions or cervical cancer in women with negative cytologic findings

Girianelli, Vânia Reis; Silva, Gulnar Azevedo e; Thuler, Luiz Cláudio Santos

doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.07.036

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Other studies have shown no association [29][30][31][32]. As reported elsewhere [11,12,29,[33][34][35][36], our study found that smoking increased the risk of cervical abnormalities, although the association disappeared when the analysis was adjusted for HPV infection. One study found that young women who smoke have an impaired antibody response to HPV-16 and HPV-18 compared with non-smokers [37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical HPV infection and abnormalities in young adult women at enrolment in the multinational PATRICIA trial

Bahmanyar

Paavonen

Naud

et al. 2012

Gynecologic Oncology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical HPV infection and abnormalities in young adult women at enrolment in the multinational PATRICIA trial

Bahmanyar

Paavonen

Naud

et al. 2012

Gynecologic Oncology

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“…Early age at sexual initiation, high parity, multiple sexual partners, smoking and use of oral contraceptives are important risk factors that modulate the effects of oncogenic HPV, the major causative agent of cervical cancer [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Other important, implicated host-related risk factors include education and socioeconomic levels, which influence lifestyle patterns, host immune status, nutritional state and genital infections [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-Based Prevalence of Abnormal Cervical Cytology Findings and Local Risk Factors in Ibadan, Nigeria: Implications for Cervical Cancer Control Programs and Human Papilloma Virus Immunization

Thomas¹,

Ojemakinde²,

Ajayi³

et al. 2012

Acta Cytologica

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Objective: To investigate the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytological findings and local risk factors in Ibadan, Nigeria. Study Design: All women aged ≥15 years in each household in Idikan, Ibadan, were invited to participate in a population-based study. Structured questionnaires were administered to all consenting women. Conventional cervical Papanicolaou smears obtained from sexually active women were classified using the 2001 Bethesda system. The diagnoses were correlated with sociodemographic data and risk factors. Results: Of 2,870 women aged ≥15 years estimated to live in Idikan, 1,204 sexually active women consented to pelvic examination and cervical smears. Results were available for 1,104 women (mean age: 39.8 years). Mean ages at menarche, first sexual intercourse and first pregnancy were 16.1, 20.3 and 20.7 years, respectively. Cytological results were categorized into atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and atypical glandular cells 22 (1.99%); low-grade 43 (3.89%) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) 17 (1.54%); invasive cancer 2 (0.18%) and normal 593 (53.8%) and reactive changes 427 (38.7%). The prevalence of epithelial abnormalities is 7.6%. Significant host-related factors in those with HSIL and invasive cancer included older age (mean 56.2 years), high parity and gravidity, lack of formal education and being divorced (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides prevalence data and local risk factors for abnormal cervical cytology in a Nigerian population, which will be useful for planning future cervical cancer control programs.

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“…Based on the results of our review, one could hypothesize that quitting smoking may reduce the increased risk of CIN and cervical cancer for women who smoke. Some studies have examined this and indeed found this reduction for CIN(+) [20,36,[61][62][63], while others found a non-significant trend toward a reduction [34,37,64], and some other studies did not find a reduction [21,65]. For cervical cancer, one study examined and found a reduction in the risk of cervical cancer for women who had quit smoking [37].…”

Section: Expert Opinionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is smoking an independent risk factor for developing cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nagelhout

Ebisch

Hel

et al. 2021

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

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Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common form of cancer among women. Smoking tobacco seems to be a risk factor for the development of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer, but the exact role of smoking in the process of cervical carcinogenesis is not known. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between smoking and the development of CIN and cervical cancer. Areas covered: We searched Embase, Medline, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies on smoking and CIN and cervical cancer, published between 2009 and 2018. The following were the outcomes: CIN3 alone, CIN2 and CIN3 combined, CIN2+, CIN3+, and cervical cancer alone. We included 49 studies in our review and 45 in our meta-analyses. Expert opinion: Based on the available evidence it can be-cautiously-concluded that smoking increases the risk of cervical abnormalities. However, the high risk of bias indicates that for future studies, it will be important to adjust for relevant predictors, to separate CIN from cervical cancer as outcome measures, and to report research methods in detail.

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Factors associated with the risk of progression to precursor lesions or cervical cancer in women with negative cytologic findings

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical HPV infection and abnormalities in young adult women at enrolment in the multinational PATRICIA trial

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical HPV infection and abnormalities in young adult women at enrolment in the multinational PATRICIA trial

Population-Based Prevalence of Abnormal Cervical Cytology Findings and Local Risk Factors in Ibadan, Nigeria: Implications for Cervical Cancer Control Programs and Human Papilloma Virus Immunization

Is smoking an independent risk factor for developing cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

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