Factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised children and adolescents aged 6 months to 13 years old

Barsam, Fabiana Jorge Bueno Galdino; Borges, Gabriella S. D.; Severino, Ana Beatriz A.; Mello, Luane Marques de; Silva, Anderson Soares da; Nunes, Altacílio Aparecido

doi:10.1007/s00431-012-1909-z

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…13 In this study, we found that housing variables were not independently associated with pneumonia; rather, we found that broader socioeconomic indicators such as higher education status of the mother and a higher family income were protective for coinfection, which is consistent with previous studies showing that such risk factors are associated with childhood pneumonia in resource-limited settings, including Egypt, 14 Brazil, 15 and India. 16 We also demonstrate that for those under 12 months of age, breast-feeding was associated with a lower risk of concurrent pneumonia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Concurrent Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years of Age Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Leung

Das

Malek

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections are the top killers of children worldwide, and their co-occurrence is reported but not well understood. Our aim was to determine the risk factors for concurrent presentation of diarrhea and pneumonia (DP) in a resource-limited setting in Bangladesh. We used data from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of the icddr,b Dhaka Hospital to identify children < 60 months of age with diarrhea and concurrent pneumonia, defined as a history of cough, an abnormal lung examination, and tachypnea. For the years 1996-2007, out of total 14,628 diarrheal patients surveyed, there were 607 (4%) patients who satisfied criteria for pneumonia. Those with DP had a higher mortality rate (4% versus 0.05%, odds ratio [OR] = 86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 26-286) and a longer hospital stay (mean 84 versus 26 hours, difference 58 hours, 95% CI = 52-64 hours) than those with diarrhea (D) only. In multivariable logistic regression comparing cases (N = 607) with controls matched for month and year of admission at a ratio of 1:3 (N = 1,808), we found that DP was associated with younger age, male gender, severe acute malnutrition (SAM), less maternal education, lower family income, and lack of current breast-feeding history.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Concurrent Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years of Age Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Leung

Das

Malek

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Hence, this study does not improve the literature already documented on pneumonia. However, some studies have shown that breast feeding has protective effect on pneumonia (Barsam et al, 2013;Chisti et al, 2011;César et al, 1999;Lamberti et al, 2013). This study also shows that "immediate" initiation and "hours" initiation of breast feeding has similar impact on diarrhea amongst infant and children generally; so breast feeding within 24 h is protective as compared to breast feeding >24 h later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast feeding initiation time and its impact on diarrheal disease and pneumonia in West Africa

Nkemjika¹,

Demissie²

2015

J. Public Health Epidemiol.

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Although breast feeding (BF) is protective against infectious disease amongst children, its timing initiation effect after birth is unknown, whether immediate (<1 h), hours (>1 to <24 h) or days (>24 h).The authors examined relationships between early initiation time of BF and the prevalence of pneumonia and diarrhea in infants and under 5 children adjusting for gender, previous sibling death, maternal educational level, place of delivery and birth weight. This study utilized secondary database analysis of the de-identified and publicly available Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 4 data for the period between 2009-2011. A cross-sectional study was conducted for children under 5 years, using the data from Nigeria (n=26018), Ghana (n=7586), Togo (n=4908) and Sierra Leone (n=8798). A total of 47310 children were recorded for the four countries in West Africa with a mean age and birth weight distribution of 1.72±2 (0.45) years and 2.17±2 (0.62) kg, respectively. 'Hours' breast fed infants were significantly more likely to be protected from diarrhea than 'days' breast fed with a crude OR of 0.74 (95% CI= 0.68-0.80 P=0.0292). The estimated adjusted OR for 'hours' breast feeding in relation to protection against diarrhea as compared to 'days' is 0.81 (95% CI= 0.72-0.92 P=0.0478). In this population representing infants and children less than 5 years of age from four countries within the West African sub-region, breast feeding within 24 h after birth showed a protective effect against diarrhea as compared to breast feeding which commenced days after birth even after all adjustments for confounding variables had been considered.

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“…1 Preterm infants face increased risks of pneumonia, retinopathy, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and sepsis. Breast milk provides protection against these complications, 2-7 and for this reason, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants, particularly those weighing less than 1500 grams at birth, receive human milk. 8 The robust immunological profile of breast milk may contribute to this protective influence on vulnerable infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Promoter Polymorphisms on Cytokine Concentration in Preterm Breast Milk and Subsequent Infant Outcomes

et al. 2016

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Background Breast milk concentrations of immune components are variable between women and interleukin (IL) differences may be associated with infant outcomes. Molecular mechanisms for milk variability remain unknown. Objective The aims were to (1) examine the relationship between maternal IL genotypes and milk concentrations of IL4, IL6, and IL10, (2) describe the trajectories of milk IL change, (3) examine whether maternal IL genotypes predict IL trajectories and/or average weekly IL concentration, and (4) examine if weekly IL levels and/or IL trajectories are associated with infant outcomes. Methods Milk aliquots were collected from each feeding of mother's own milk and pooled weekly. DNA was extracted from 1 sample of each mother's breast milk whey (n = 64), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL genes were genotyped. Milk IL concentrations were measured and trajectory analysis examined IL milk change over time. Multivariate breast milk IL concentration analyses controlled for gestational age and prepregnancy body mass index. Multivariate infant outcome (n = 73) analyses controlled for gestational age and the ratio of human milk to total milk. Results Trajectory analysis resulted in linear group shapes, with 2 distinct subgroups in IL6 and 3 subgroups in IL4 and IL10. Trajectory groups trended toward significance with calprotectin, intraventricular hemorrhage, and blood transfusions. Multivariate analyses resulted in trending associations between maternal SNPs and subsequent IL6 and IL10 milk levels. There was a trending relationship between IL milk levels and both fecal calprotectin and intraventricular hemorrhage. Conclusion Maternal IL SNPs may affect IL breast milk levels and IL milk levels may be associated with infant outcomes.

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Factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised children and adolescents aged 6 months to 13 years old

Abstract: These findings contribute favourably to effectively minimising the risk factors related to the disease process and natural history of community-acquired pneumonia.

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Concurrent Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years of Age Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Concurrent Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years of Age Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Breast feeding initiation time and its impact on diarrheal disease and pneumonia in West Africa

Effect of Promoter Polymorphisms on Cytokine Concentration in Preterm Breast Milk and Subsequent Infant Outcomes

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