Factors Affecting Outcome in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Term Infants

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies on Cetaceans Found Stranded on the Coast of Italy between 1990 and 1997

“…Other authors ( Siebert et al, 1994, 1997) have suggested that the presence of proteinaceous material and keratinized and desquamed cells in the alveoli of newborn cetaceans are commonly observed following amniotic fluid inhalation. However, our histological findings show close similarities with those characterizing so‐called ‘hyaline membrane disease’, a pathological condition which has been described in human pathology ( Ergander et al, 1983; Finer et al, 1983; Blair and Stanley, 1988; Hall, 1989; Behrman, 1993). Subsequent PAS staining highlighted the PAS‐positivity of intra‐alveolar material, in a similar manner to that reported in ‘hyaline membrane disease’.…”

Denver developmental screening test II for early identification of the infants who will develop major neurological deficit as a sequalea of hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy

“…Regarding the identity of the indicators that can help determine the prognosis after HIE in full‐term infants, we studied three independent, practical, non‐invasive and inexpensive clinical and laboratory parameters. Like in other previous studies, we found insufficient predictive accuracy of seizures in the immediate postnatal period 7,23 . Cranial US, however, could be a screening test, as in this study we found a 100% sensitivity rate for a severe adverse outcome.…”

Multichannel EEG abnormalities during the first 6 hours in infants with mild hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy

“…Mild HIE is not “normal” as previously thought 2 , 12 , 13 ; these infants have an encephalopathy and may have significant learning, behavioural and emotional difficulties on follow-up yet have largely been ignored by research to date. 15 , 16 , 18 Our current criteria of identifying infants at risk of long-term developmental issues is clearly inadequate as many infants who have significant disability on follow-up currently fall outside the current criteria for intervention.…”

“…We do know from previous studies that a proportion of infants with mild HIE will have cognitive or behavioural disability on follow-up; however, these difficulties may not be evident until 5 years of age or later. 15 Mild HIE is not "normal" as previously thought 2,12,13 ; these infants have an encephalopathy and may have significant learning, behavioural and emotional difficulties on follow-up yet have largely been ignored by research to date. 15,16,18 Our current criteria of identifying infants at risk of long-term developmental issues is clearly inadequate as many infants who have significant disability on follow-up currently fall outside the current criteria for intervention.…”