Factors affecting milk yield and composition of Tunisian camels (Camelus dromedarius) over complete lactation

Chamekh, Latifa; Khorchani, Touhami; Dbara, Mohamed; Hammadi, Mohamed; Yahyaoui, Mohamed Habib

doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02344-0

Cited by 12 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Several authors also reported this effect of seasonal variation on total solids, protein, casein, and fat. Results from the present study are congruent with those of Nagy et al (2017) and Chamekh et al (2020) who recorded maximum protein, fat, and total solids contents in December and January, while the minimum levels were observed during June and July. Similarly, Ahmed et al ( 2012), Musaad et al (2013), Hamed et al (2017), andIsmaili et al (2019) recorded the highest total solids, protein, fat, and casein content in winter than in summer.…”

Section: Chemical Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The population of Maghreb camels in Tunisia is estimated to be 100,000 animals (Chamekh et al 2020). Animals are raised mainly within two management systems in the south of the country, a traditional pastoral system and a semi-intensive system created in response to the decline of pasture (Fguiri et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals are raised mainly within two management systems in the south of the country, a traditional pastoral system and a semi-intensive system created in response to the decline of pasture (Fguiri et al 2018). Camels were traditionally used for meat production (Chamekh et al 2020) and a substantial milking intended for local consumption (Ayadi et al 2009). Over recent decades, in the oasis regions, a camel milk sector for marketing and human consumption has emerged throughout Tunisia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis

Khaldi¹,

Mounir²,

Tabarek³

2021

Preprint

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This study was planned to investigate the raw milk characteristics and quality aspects and to evaluate the impact of nongenetic factors on physicochemical composition and microbial quality of milk from local Maghrebi camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept under a traditional system in oasis areas, southern west, Tunisia. Forty-nine individual milk samples were collected from lactating Negga over two periods of the year (winter and summer). Animals belonging to private flocks were between 5 and 17.5 years of age, with parity numbers ranging from first to sixth. Samples were analyzed for physical parameters, chemical composition, mineral concentrations, and microbiological features according to standard methods. The overall means of physical characteristics were 6.63 ± 0.22, 1030.63 ± 2.54, and 19.11 ± 4.08 for pH, density, and acidity, respectively. No significant association (P > 0.05) between physical characteristics and nongenetic factors has been observed. The average results of chemical composition for dry matter, protein, fat, casein, lactose, ash, and casein/protein ratio were 115.24±15.67g/L, 30.98±6.40 g/L, 32.84±4.88 g/L, 22.77±4.27 g/L, 37.21±4.64 g/L, 6.87±1.59 g/L, and 0.74±0.06 g/L respectively. Season, parity, and age were confirmed to impinge significantly on chemical components, except for lactose. The maximum contents of total solids, protein, casein, and fat content were observed during winter. The third lactation was characterized with the highest content of total solids, protein, casein, and lactose; while the highest fat content was recorded in the second lactation. Lactose content was stable throughout all the studied age classes (P > 0.05), whereas the other chemical constituents, showed an obvious superiority in the age class of 7≤ age ≤ 9 years. Season, parity, and age of the animal exerted a significant effect on all minerals. The highest levels of Ca, P, and K were recorded in the winter (P<0.01) whereas Na showed an opposite pattern and was higher in the summer (P<0.01). All major minerals were higher in milk from multiparous than primiparous camels, with maximum concentrations at the fourth lactation. The uppermost levels of mineral concentrations were recorded in the age class of 7≤ age ≤ 9 years. The lowest ones were those of animals over 12 years old. The microbial analysis of raw milk which is affected by season, parity, and age showed higher overall contamination levels in all studied bacterial counts. The highest levels were observed in winter, among the multiparous and oldest Negga. The results highlighted the complete absence of the two dangerous pathogens Salmonella and CSR in all analyzed samples.

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Section: Chemical Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis

Khaldi¹,

Mounir²,

Tabarek³

2021

Preprint

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“…Animals are raised mainly within two management systems in the country's south, a traditional pastoral system and a semi-intensive system created in response to the decline of pasture (Fguiri et al 2018). Camels are traditionally used for meat production (Chamekh et al 2020), and substantial milking is intended for local consumption (Ayadi et al 2009). Over recent decades, in oasis regions, a camel milk sector for marketing and human consumption has emerged throughout Tunisia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such studies on physicochemical composition and bacteriological quality are extremely limited for sheep, goats, and one-humped camels raised in western oasis areas. The limited literature available refers only to the local goat (Gaddour et al 2014;Ayeb et al 2016) and camel species (Ayadi et al 2018;Fguiri et al 2018;Chamekh et al 2020) reared in the southeastern region. Indeed, there is no study report on the content of casein, the concentrations of minerals, the number of bacteria, and the prevalence of pathogenic germs in small ruminant milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline composition and microbial quality assessment of raw milk from endemic small ruminants and Maghrebi camels in the oasis area of Tunisia

Khaldi¹,

Nafti²,

Jilani

2022

Preprint

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Characteristics and quality aspects of milk from native ovine queue fine de l’Ouest (QFO) and the local goat population were investigated and compared with those of the local Maghrebi camel. A total of 378 individual milk samples were collected from lactating animals reared in the continental oasis region of Tunisia. Samples were analyzed for physical parameters (pH, density, and acidity), chemical composition (dry matter, fat, protein, lactose, casein, ash, and casein-protein ratio), mineral concentrations (Ca, P, Na, and K) and microbiological features (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total coliform count (TCC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), sulphite-reducing Clostridium (CSR), yeast and molds (Y/M), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella) according to standard methods. The results obtained for milk characteristics revealed noticeable disparities between the three species. The mean values of pH, density, and acidity in milk collected from sheep appeared higher than those in milk collected from goat species. Compared to the camel populations, sheep species produced milk with similar pH but higher density and acidity. Between camel and goat species, pH and acidity were higher in Negga, while the density was similar. For milk composition, the results showed a remarkable variation among all studied species and an obvious superiority of the ovine species over the caprine and camel populations in all the chemical contents being studied, except for the casein-protein ratio, which is in favor of goat species. The milk of QFO sheep, the richest in casein and protein, was expressed with significantly higher levels of calcium and phosphorus than goat and camel milk. Compared to small ruminants, milk from camels is the richest in Na and K. Additionally, more Ca is present in milk from camels than goats. Goat milk, the poorest type of milk in Ca and Na, contains on average more P than camel milk and more K than sheep's milk. The poor bacteriological quality was that of camel milk for all microbial counts. The microbial quality of goat milk was higher than that of ewe milk based on TMAB, TCC, and E. coli counts, while ovine milk was of better quality, referring to LAB, Y/M, and S. aureus values. No significant differences were found for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli between the examined species. The obtained results highlighted the complete absence of the two dangerous pathogens Salmonella and CSR in all investigated milk samples. The microbiological examination evidenced that the milk of small ruminant species complies with standard criteria required by Tunisian legislation on the hygiene of milk and dairy products. Regarding camel milk, the microbial analysis revealed poor quality that exceeds standard criteria.

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Baseline composition and microbial quality assessment of raw milk from small ruminants and Maghrebi camels in the oasis area of Tunisia

Khaldi

Nafti

Jilani³

2022

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Factors affecting milk yield and composition of Tunisian camels (Camelus dromedarius) over complete lactation

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis

Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis

Baseline composition and microbial quality assessment of raw milk from endemic small ruminants and Maghrebi camels in the oasis area of Tunisia

Baseline composition and microbial quality assessment of raw milk from small ruminants and Maghrebi camels in the oasis area of Tunisia

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