Facial Expressions as Indicators of “Functional” and “Dysfunctional” Emotional Processes

Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Production of Facial Expression of Emotion: A Componential Perspective

“…Predictions for facial expression (Scherer, 2001(Scherer, , 2009Scherer & Ellgring, 2007; see also Kaiser & Wehrle, 2001) have been elaborated from several classes of determinants: (a) the effects of physiological change; (b) the preparation of specific instrumental motor actions; and (c) the production of sociocommunicative signals. The first two determinants refer to what the first author has called "push effects," that is, neurobiological changes that affect the expressive motor system (the symptom function).…”

First evidence for differential and sequential efferent effects of stimulus relevance and goal conduciveness appraisal

“…Also, activity over the cheek region, without concurrent activation of the M. Orbicularis oculi (AU 6), is often considered a communicative signal (e.g., Bänninger-Huber and Rauber- Kaiser, 1989;Ekman and Friesen, 1982). 6 Activity over the brow region (M. Corrugator supercilii, frowning) can reflect ongoing cognitive processing (e.g., Darwin, 1872Darwin, /1965Scherer, 1992), negative affect (e.g., Cacioppo et al, 1986), and communicative intent (e.g., Ekman, 1979;Kaiser and Wehrle, 2001). Activity over the brow region is mostly influenced by the M. Corrugator supercilii.…”

From Signals to Emotions: Applying Emotion Models to HM Affective Interactions

“…A first theoretical approach to emotion is named categorical and has its roots in the evolutionary theories (Tomkins, 1962;Ekman, 1972), according to which emotions correspond to discrete and distinct units that are regulated by innate genetic-based mechanisms. Emotions are biologically determined and have evolved to address specific environmental concerns of our ancestors (for example, flight as a consequence of fear in (Kaiser & Wehrle, 2001a), which however we will not consider here. A second theoretical approach is named dimensional.…”

“…Inter-judge agreement is calculated. At present, we have available a group of rules which we derived from indications found in literature (Kaiser & Wehrle, 2001a;Wehrle et al, 2000;Wallbott, 1998) and from the results of the previously mentioned analysis of patterns and configuration of multimodal signals applied to the MEED database (Ciceri, Balzarotti, Beverina, Manzoni, & Piccini, 2006) as we'll describe in the next paragraph. However, we are working at the development of this initial group to a more extended set of rules.…”