Fabrications, Applications and Challenges of Solid-State Nanopores: A Mini Review

Tang, Zifan; Zhang, Daihua; Cui, Weiwei; Zhang, Hao; Duan, Xuexin

doi:10.5772/64015

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(198 reference statements)

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“… 147 By analyzing the current signature (e.g., magnitude and timespan), physicochemical information on the molecule can be obtained (e.g., conformation, polarity) from which its structure can be inferred. 6 , 148 The use of nanopore-based devices for DNA sequencing is now well-established, and active efforts are ongoing for a range of other applications. 147 …”

Section: Applications Of Large-scale Lithographic Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

2021

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Since the early 2000s, extensive research has been performed to address numerous challenges in biochip and biosensor fabrication in order to use them for various biomedical applications. These biochips and biosensor devices either integrate biological elements (e.g., DNA, proteins or cells) in the fabrication processes or experience post fabrication of biofunctionalization for different downstream applications, including sensing, diagnostics, drug screening, and therapy. Scalable lithographic techniques that are well established in the semiconductor industry are now being harnessed for large-scale production of such devices, with additional development to meet the demand of precise deposition of various biological elements on device substrates with retained biological activities and precisely specified topography. In this review, the lithographic methods that are capable of large-scale and mass fabrication of biochips and biosensors will be discussed. In particular, those allowing patterning of large areas from 10 cm 2 to m 2 , maintaining cost effectiveness, high throughput (>100 cm 2 h –1 ), high resolution (from micrometer down to nanometer scale), accuracy, and reproducibility. This review will compare various fabrication technologies and comment on their resolution limit and throughput, and how they can be related to the device performance, including sensitivity, detection limit, reproducibility, and robustness.

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Section: Applications Of Large-scale Lithographic Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

2021

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“…Non-covalent nanopore modification via self-assembly of pyrene ethylene glycol (PEG) was demonstrated to prevent DNA from adsorbing on graphene [123]. More functionalization strategies of solid-state nanopores can be found in many other reviews [40,41,128].…”

Section: Challenges and Future Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a fundamental issue, the fabrication of solid-state nanopores inspired extensive studies. Extensive reviews on the fabrication of nanopores have been published by various groups [39,40,41]. Although technologies, such as focused ion beam (FIB) and focused electron beam (FEB) drilling, are widely used, they can only fabricate nanopores one by one on thin membranes with thicknesses < 100 nm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Applications of Solid-State Nanopores

Chen

Liu

2019

Sensors

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Nanopores fabricated from synthetic materials (solid-state nanopores), platforms for characterizing biological molecules, have been widely studied among researchers. Compared with biological nanopores, solid-state nanopores are mechanically robust and durable with a tunable pore size and geometry. Solid-state nanopores with sizes as small as 1.3 nm have been fabricated in various films using engraving techniques, such as focused ion beam (FIB) and focused electron beam (FEB) drilling methods. With the demand of massively parallel sensing, many scalable fabrication strategies have been proposed. In this review, typical fabrication technologies for solid-state nanopores reported to date are summarized, with the advantages and limitations of each technology discussed in detail. Advanced shrinking strategies to prepare nanopores with desired shapes and sizes down to sub-1 nm are concluded. Finally, applications of solid-state nanopores in DNA sequencing, single molecule detection, ion-selective transport, and nanopatterning are outlined.

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“…There are several techniques available to fabricate nanostructures, the most commonly used methods include electron beam lithography (EBL) and etching [13][14][15] and focused ion beam (FIB) drilling [16][17][18]. Nanoporous membranes have also been used in microfluidics for sample filtration, sample preconcentration, sensing, and selective delivery [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of electrolyte concentration on nanofractures fabricated in a 3D‐printed microfluidic device by controlled dielectric breakdown

Islam

Yap

et al. 2020

Electrophoresis

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A three‐dimensional‐printed microfluidic device made of a thermoplastic material was used to study the creation of molecular filters by controlled dielectric breakdown. The device was made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene by a fused deposition modeling three‐dimensional printer and consisted of two V‐shaped sample compartments separated by 750 µm of extruded plastic gap. Nanofractures were formed in the thin piece of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene by controlled dielectric breakdown by application voltage of 15–20 kV with the voltage terminated when reaching a defined current threshold. Variation of the size of the nanofractures was achieved by both variation of the current threshold and by variation of the ionic strength of the electrolyte used for breakdown. Electrophoretic transport of two proteins, R‐phycoerythrin (RPE; <10 nm in size) and fluorescamine‐labeled BSA (f‐BSA; 2–4 nm), was used to monitor the size and transport properties of the nanofractures. Using 1 mM phosphate buffer, both RPE and f‐BSA passed through the nanofractures when the current threshold was set to 25 µA. However, when the threshold was lowered to 10 µA or lower, RPE was restricted from moving through the nanofractures. When we increased the electrolyte concentration during breakdown from 1 to 10 mM phosphate buffer, BSA passed but RPE was blocked when the threshold was equal to, or lower than, 25 µA. This demonstrates that nanofracture size (pore area) is directly related to the breakdown current threshold but inversely related to the concentration of the electrolyte used for the breakdown process.

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Fabrications, Applications and Challenges of Solid-State Nanopores: A Mini Review

Cited by 32 publications

References 135 publications

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors

Fabrication and Applications of Solid-State Nanopores

The influence of electrolyte concentration on nanofractures fabricated in a 3D‐printed microfluidic device by controlled dielectric breakdown

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