Fabrication of soft, stimulus-responsive structures with sub-micron resolution via two-photon polymerization of poly(ionic liquid)s

Tudor, Alexandru; Delaney, Colm; Zhang, Hongrui; Thompson, Alexander; Curto, Vincenzo F.; Yang, Guang‐Zhong; Higgins, Michael J.; Diamond, Dermot; Florea, Larisa

doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2018.07.017

Cited by 65 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…h) Schematic representation of the thermoactuation of the free‐standing PIL microcylinder structures and thermoresponse recorded using white light microscopy during temperature cycling. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018, Elsevier.…”

Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tudor et al designed a crosslinkable poly(ionic liquid) hydrogel obtained from tributylhexyl phosphonium polysulfopropylacrylate and polypropylene glycol diacrylate which could be written with a sub‐micrometric resolution and showed large volume changes (up to 300%) upon swelling (Figure e–g) . Notably, the swelling behavior could be finely regulated with the temperature, allowing the volume change only at high temperatures (Figure h).…”

Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

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162

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The creation of 3D micro and nanostructures is of particular interest in the fields of photonics, [3] microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), [4] metamaterials, [5] micro/ nanofluidics, [6] cellular proliferation, and differentiation. [7] To create 3D objects of arbitrary shape, 3D printing techniques offer many versatile solutions. [8] Among these, direct laser writing (DLW) allows for the simple preparation of (sub)micrometric objects and patterns with a resolution that can go below 100 nm. [9][10][11] DLW is an additive manufacturing technique based on twophoton polymerization (2PP). To produce a structure, a fs-pulsed long-wavelength laser is focused, by means of optical elements, in a photosensitive resin which is able to crosslink (negative photoresist) or decompose (positive photoresist) under an energetic radiation but that is also transparent at the laser wavelength: if the intensity of the excitation radiation is high enough-as it is the case in the focus-the resin can undergo two (or more)-photon absorption and polymerize (or decompose). [12] Such multiphotons absorption phenomena are nonlinear and the cross-section of the different materials scales with the square (or higher) of the intensity of the radiation. For these reasons, the laser beam can enter the photoresist without being absorbed and trigger the photochemical process(es) only in a small volume around the focus. This volume is named "voxel" being the 3D analogue of a 2D pixel. [13] The absorption probability outside of the voxel is small, thus suppressing the propagation of the reaction and resulting in fine resolution. By moving around the voxel, one can obtain complex 3D structures that can be isolated after developing. [14,15] More than two decades have passed since DLW was proposed [16] and much progress has been made in terms of improving feature size and resolution, [9,[17][18][19][20][21] enlarging the library of materials that can be used, [22][23][24][25] and the possible applications of these finely controlled structures. [6,[25][26][27][28] The research on functional materials-here intended as materials that can be employed in 2PP and show peculiar features that encourage their use in particular applications-has propelled the field of micro/nanostructuring forward by promoting the interdisciplinarity between chemistry, physics, biology, and material science. [26] In this review, we will summarize and critically discuss the different functional materials proposed in the literature, dividing them and confronting them according to their preparation and their application (Figure 1; Table 1). We start the main body discussing the properties and applications of nanocomposite resists used in 2PP. In the second part, Direct laser writing methods based on two-photon polymerization (2PP) are powerful tools for the on-demand printing of precise and complex 3D architectures at the micro and nanometer scale. While much progress was made to increase the resolution and the feature size throughout the years, by carefully designing a material, one...

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Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

Small

162

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[ 15,20 ] This has been further developed to incorporate dynamic materials into 3D fabrication, thereby generating responses in shape or size to stimuli such as temperature, humidity, current, and pH. [ 21–24 ] To date, there exists a noticeable paucity of chemical sensing technologies integrated into 3D fabricated manifolds, which can be used to garner quantitative measurable responses of the local environment. In this publication we strive to bring added functionality to 3D printing scaffolds, to enable reproducible and quantifiable sugar detection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Sugar‐Sensing Hydrogels

Bruen

Delaney

Chung

et al. 2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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The ability of boronic acids (BAs) to reversibly bind diols, such as sugars, has been widely studied in recent years. In solution, through the incorporation of additional fluorophores, the BA–sugar interaction can be monitored by changes in fluorescence. Ultimately, a practical realization of this technology requires a transition from solution‐based methodologies. Herein, the first example of 3D‐printed sugar‐sensing hydrogels, achieved through the incorporation of a BA–fluorophore pair in a gelatin methacrylamide‐based matrix is presented. Through optimization of monomeric cocktails, it is possible to use extrusion printing to generate structured porous hydrogels which show a measurable and reproducible linear fluorescence response to glucose and fructose up to 100 mm.

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“…As the illuminating power of the laser increased, the resonance shift increased. Other stimuli, such as temperature and pH changes, have also been employed to actively control photonic devices [132][133][134].…”

Section: D Printing Of Photoresponsive Materials For Active Optical mentioning

confidence: 99%

3D and 4D printing for optics and metaphotonics

Jeong

Lee

et al. 2020

Nanophotonics

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AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex optical components and metaphotonic structures that are difficult to realize via traditional methods. Conventional lithography techniques are usually limited to planar patterning, but 3D printing can allow the fabrication and integration of complex shapes or multiple parts along the out-of-plane direction. Additionally, 3D printing can allow printing on curved surfaces. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed structures and provides new avenues for active, reconfigurable optical and microwave structures. This review introduces recent developments in 3D and 4D printing, with emphasis on topics that are interesting for the nanophotonics and metaphotonics communities. In this article, we have first discussed functional materials for 3D and 4D printing. Then, we have presented the various designs and applications of 3D and 4D printing in the optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. 3D printing can be ideal for customized, nonconventional optical components and complex metaphotonic structures. Furthermore, with various printable smart materials, 4D printing might provide a unique platform for active and reconfigurable structures. Therefore, 3D and 4D printing can introduce unprecedented opportunities in optics and metaphotonics and may have applications in freeform optics, integrated optical and optoelectronic devices, displays, optical sensors, antennas, active and tunable photonic devices, and biomedicine. Abundant new opportunities exist for exploration.

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Fabrication of soft, stimulus-responsive structures with sub-micron resolution via two-photon polymerization of poly(ionic liquid)s

Cited by 65 publications

References 43 publications

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

3D Printed Sugar‐Sensing Hydrogels

3D and 4D printing for optics and metaphotonics

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