Fabrication of Polymer Solar Cells Using Aqueous Processing for All Layers Including the Metal Back Electrode

Søndergaard, Roar R.; Helgesen, Martin; Jørgensen, Mikkel; Krebs, Frederik C.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201000007

Cited by 227 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…To enable cost-effective large-scale production of efficient OPVs that meets the environmental and health safety standards, it is imperative that fabrication methods are developed using non-toxic solvents. 8 Recently, there has been a widespread interest in using aqueous dispersions of conjugated polymer nanoparticles to fabricate active layers of OPVs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication conditions for efficient organic photovoltaic cells from aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles

et al. 2014

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For environmentally friendly and cost-effective manufacturing of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, it is highly desirable to replace haloarenes with water as the active layer fabrication solvent. Replacing an organic solvent with water requires retooling the device fabrication steps. The optimization studies were conducted using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as active layer materials. These materials were dispersed in water as blend and separate nanoparticles using the miniemulsion method. Topologies of the active layers were investigated using atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy techniques. We have identified two essential steps to fabricate efficient OPVs from aqueous dispersions: (1) treatment of the hole-transport layer with UV-O 3 to make the surface hydrophilic and (2) the use of an electron-transporting buffer layer for efficient charge extraction. We have also identified relative humidity and substrate temperature as key fabrication parameters for obtaining uniform active layer films. The OPV devices were fabricated using PEDOT:PSS as the hole-transport layer and PCBM as electron-transport layer with Ca/Al as the counter electrode.Efficiencies of 2.15% with a fill factor over 66% were obtained; the efficiency and the fill-factor is the highest among all aqueous processing of P3HT-PCBM nanoparticle solar cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication conditions for efficient organic photovoltaic cells from aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles

et al. 2014

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“…However, early attempts have focused on replacing halogenated solvents with aromatic hydrocarbons, which are not necessarily less hazardous [10][11][12][13]. The work of Søndergaard et al on water-soluble [6,6]-phenyl-C61-buteric acid methylester (PCBM) and poly(3-hexylethiophene) (P3HT) analogues presented water-processed device structures producing an overall device efficiency of 0.7% [14]. The earliest reports of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in water showed that conductive coatings could be prepared by mixing colloidal (10-100 nm diameter) conducting polymer in a latex base [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Paint: From Synthesis to Printing

2014

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Abstract:Water-based polymer nanoparticle dispersions (solar paint) offer the prospect of addressing two of the main challenges associated with printing large area organic photovoltaic devices; namely, how to control the nanoscale architecture of the active layer and eliminate the need for hazardous organic solvents during device fabrication. In this paper, we review progress in the field of nanoparticulate organic photovoltaic (NPOPV) devices and future prospects for large-scale manufacturing of solar cells based on this technology.

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“…Even with its relatively low conductivity, poly(pphenylene vinylene) (PPV) is one of the conjugated polymers used in solar cell fabrication [12,13]. Its precursor, poly(p-xylene tetrahydrothiophenium chloride) (PTHT), is soluble in water, a characteristic that is getting increasing importance due to the increasing concern on environmental and safety problems related to the organic solvents [12,[14][15][16]. The thermal treatment of PPV's precursor is the conventional route to produce PPV, but the resulting film has some chain defects, due to the high temperatures (above 200°C) used, undermining its conductivity [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the optical and structural properties of PPV thin films converted at low temperatures

Rostirolla¹,

Laureto²,

Silva³

et al. 2013

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In this work we studied the optical properties of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) produced by the thermal conversion of a precursor polymer blended with a synthetic dye (Reactive Black 5). The production of PPV by this method decreases the overall time and cost of the process. We observed that the introduction of the dye resulted in an additional absorbance band near 550-700 nm, which can be beneficial to the photon harvesting capacity of the polymer if it is used as the donor material in a photovoltaic device. We studied how the optical and structures properties of this blend change when different quantities of TiO 2 nanoparticles are introduced. For that, thin films were produced by the cast deposition of pre-PPV:dye:TiO 2 . The scanning electronic microscopic images showed that the inorganic semiconductor form large agglomerates of approximately 200 nm, indicating a very rough surface where the dye can be adsorbed. The analysis of photoluminescence and Raman peaks indicated a reduction of the mean conjugation length of the polymer chains in the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles.

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Fabrication of Polymer Solar Cells Using Aqueous Processing for All Layers Including the Metal Back Electrode

Cited by 227 publications

References 12 publications

Fabrication conditions for efficient organic photovoltaic cells from aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles

Fabrication conditions for efficient organic photovoltaic cells from aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles

Solar Paint: From Synthesis to Printing

Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the optical and structural properties of PPV thin films converted at low temperatures

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