Fabrication of binary (ZnO)x(TiO2)1−x nanoparticles via thermal treatment route and evaluating the impact of various molar concentrations on the structure and optical behaviors

Muhamad, Suzliana; Kamari, Halimah Mohamed; Al‐Hada, Naif Mohammed; Abdullah, Che Azurahanim Che; Nidzam, Nazirul Nazrin Shahrol

doi:10.1007/s00339-020-03701-4

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…It is believed that the texture of PTFE also contributes to the photonic interaction due to the intrinsic optical characteristics of Teflon, such as refractive index, fluorine atom negativity, and capacitance parameter related to carbon [23]. The apparent effect of altitude on the reflectivity curve of sample S 1 could be due to either the surface reflectivity contribution of the substrate or associated with the indirect transfer of photoelectrons in the nanocomposite [60][61][62][63]. where 𝑛 is equal to 2 for indirect band gap materials, 𝑣 is the light frequency, and 𝐴 is a proportionality constant.…”

Section: Uv-vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Growth of TiO2/ZnO on PTFE Substrates at Different Volumetric Ratios Using Chemical Bath Deposition

et al. 2023

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Developing non-toxic, semiconductor-doped heterojunction materials for optoelectronic applications on the surface of a flexible substrate is a viable strategy for meeting the world’s energy needs without introducing any environmental issues. In this paper, Ti:TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites were prepared by heat treatment and utilized as an active layer in UV photodetectors. First, a ZnO seed layer was deposited by radio frequency (RF) sputtering on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates. Then, TiO2/ZnO thin films (TFs) were successfully grown by combining volumetric mixtures of TiO2 and ZnO at the ratios of 1:7, 1:3, 3:5, and 1:1 via the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The morphological, elemental, and topographical analyses of the grown TFs were investigated through SESEM, EDX, and AFM spectroscopy, respectively. XRD patterns illustrated the presence of the unified (002) peak of the Ti/ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure in all prepared samples, with intensities indicating a very strong preferential crystallinity with increasing TiO2 ratios. Enhanced diffuse reflectance curves were obtained by UV–Vis spectroscopy, with allowed indirect energy bandgaps ranging from 3.17 eV to 3.23 eV. FTIR characterization revealed wider phonon vibration ranges indicating the presence of Ti–O and Zn–O bonds. Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) UV photodetectors were fabricated by thermally evaporating Ag electrodes on the grown nanocomposites. The volumetric ratio of TiO2/ZnO impacted the photodetector performance, where the responsivity, photosensitivity, gain, detectivity, rise time, and decay time of 0.495 AW−1, 247.14%, 3.47, 3.68 × 108 jones, 0.63 s, and 0.99 s, respectively, were recorded at a ratio of 1:1 (TiO2:ZnO). Based on the results, the heterostructure nanocomposites grown on PTFE substrates are believed to be highly promising TF for flexible electronics.

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Section: Uv-vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Growth of TiO2/ZnO on PTFE Substrates at Different Volumetric Ratios Using Chemical Bath Deposition

et al. 2023

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“…The increase in the O/Ti atomic ratio can be explained by the presence of O atoms that are bound to Zn. If Zn had not been added in its oxidation state (ZnO), the O/Ti ratio would have remained constant in all the formed nanostructures [ 33 , 48 , 61 , 62 ]. On the other hand, in the percentage improvement column (% imp ) it is confirmed that by increasing the ZnO amount in the TiO 2 /ZnO hybrid nanosponges—in the range studied—the photoelectrochemical activity of the nanostructures increases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications

et al. 2021

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In the present work, TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges have been synthesized for the first time. First, TiO2 nanosponges were obtained by anodization under hydrodynamic conditions in a glycerol/water/NH4F electrolyte. Next, in order to achieve the anatase phase of TiO2 and improve its photocatalytic behaviour, the samples were annealed at 450 °C for 1 h. Once the TiO2 nanosponges were synthesized, TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges were obtained by electrodeposition of ZnO on TiO2 nanosponges using different temperatures, times, and concentrations of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2). TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges were used as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting tests. The results indicate that the photoelectrochemical response improves, in the studied range, by increasing the temperature and the Zn(NO3)2 concentration during the electrodeposition process, obtaining an increase in the photoelectrochemical response of 141% for the TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges electrodeposited at 75 °C with 10 mM Zn(NO3)2 for 15 min. Furthermore, morphological, chemical, and structural characterization was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman Confocal Laser Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD).

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“…PVP’s main role in the employed method is to control the growth of the particles by forming passivation layers around the metal. In addition, the functions of PVP during the preparation of Ce x Sn 1−x O 2 nanoparticles are to regulate the expansion nucleation of nanoparticles, limit the accretion of the nanoparticles, improve the degree of crystallinity of the nanoparticles, create a restricted environment around the Ce x Sn 1−x O 2 nanoparticles, and facilitate the development of nanoparticles with a homogenous dispersal of both size and form [ 47 , 48 ]. The drying process may decompose the PVP partly to feature shorter polymer chains [ 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Particle Size, Crystal Size, and Optical Energy Gap of CexSn1−xO2 Nanofabrication

et al. 2021

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In the present work, a thermal treatment technique is applied for the synthesis of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Using this method has developed understanding of how lower and higher precursor values affect the morphology, structure, and optical properties of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle synthesis involves a reaction between cerium and tin sources, namely, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, respectively, and the capping agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The findings indicate that lower x values yield smaller particle size with a higher energy band gap, while higher x values yield a larger particle size with a smaller energy band gap. Thus, products with lower x values may be suitable for antibacterial activity applications as smaller particles can diffuse through the cell wall faster, while products with higher x values may be suitable for solar cell energy applications as more electrons can be generated at larger particle sizes. The synthesized samples were profiled via a number of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As revealed by the XRD pattern analysis, the CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles formed after calcination reflect the cubic fluorite structure and cassiterite-type tetragonal structure of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, using FT-IR analysis, Ce-O and Sn-O were confirmed as the primary bonds of ready CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle samples, whilst TEM analysis highlighted that the average particle size was in the range 6−21 nm as the precursor concentration (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) increased from 0.00 to 1.00. Moreover, the diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra used to determine the optical band gap based on the Kubelka–Munk equation showed that an increase in x value has caused a decrease in the energy band gap and vice versa.

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Fabrication of binary (ZnO)x(TiO2)1−x nanoparticles via thermal treatment route and evaluating the impact of various molar concentrations on the structure and optical behaviors

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

Characterization and Growth of TiO2/ZnO on PTFE Substrates at Different Volumetric Ratios Using Chemical Bath Deposition

Characterization and Growth of TiO2/ZnO on PTFE Substrates at Different Volumetric Ratios Using Chemical Bath Deposition

Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications

The Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Particle Size, Crystal Size, and Optical Energy Gap of CexSn1−xO2 Nanofabrication

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