Fabricating waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) in bulk materials using ultrashort laser pulses

Ams, Martin; Dekker, Peter; Gross, Simon; Withford, Michael J.

doi:10.1515/nanoph-2016-0119

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Despite the fabrication parameters being very similar in both cases, the higher coupling coefficient can be attributed to a lower writing velocity (10 mm/min 167 μm/s, as opposed to the 400 μm/s used in this paper), since the laser fluence is higher, meaning a higher refractive index modification. The fabrication of gratings with a coupling coefficient of 1457 m −1 , using this technique, has already been reported by Martin Ams et al [19] in silicate glass, enabling much shorter device lengths with the same characteristics.…”

Section: A Bragg Grating Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Monolithic Add–Drop Multiplexers in Fused Silica Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

Amorim

Maia

Alexandre

et al. 2017

J. Lightwave Technol.

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The fabrication of optical add-drop multiplexers in fused silica is demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, using the femtosecond laser direct writing technique. To achieve this, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration was used for the signal routing by the implementation of 3-dB directional couplers, along with Bragg grating waveguides for wavelength selectivity. The fabrication of all individual devices required was optimized. The behavior of the fabricated add-drop multiplexer was characterized at around 1550 nm, where a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.19 ± 0.01 nm was obtained along with an intrachannel and adjacent interchannel crosstalk of -30 and -20 dB at Δλ = ± 0.75 nm, respectively. This study shows that such complex devices can be manufactured by femtosecond laser direct writing, with future improvements being discussed.Index Terms-Add-drop multiplexer, femtosecond laser, integrated optics, laser materials-processing applications, optical device fabrication, wavelength division multiplexing.

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Section: A Bragg Grating Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Monolithic Add–Drop Multiplexers in Fused Silica Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

Amorim

Maia

Alexandre

et al. 2017

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…In three dimensions, the capacity of nanomorphing enables to sample, readout, and manipulate the optical field in embedded photonic circuits and to create optical resonances sensitive to environments, for example, temperature, pressure, and chemical fields (see [185] and references therein). Recently, the use of highly confining nondiffractive beams was demonstrated to achieve high aspect ratio structures with sections in the 100-nm range [174], generating strong Bragg resonances for temperature and stress measurements.…”

Section: Nanoscale and Function: Emerging Opportunities In Applicatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in ultrafast laser structuring of materials at the nanoscale

2020

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Laser processing implies the generation of a material function defined by the shape and the size of the induced structures, being a collective effect of topography, morphology, and structural arrangement. A fundamental dimensional limit in laser processing is set by optical diffraction. Many material functions are yet defined at the micron scale, and laser microprocessing has become a mainstream development trend. Consequently, laser microscale applications have evolved significantly and developed into an industrial grade technology. New opportunities will nevertheless emerge from accessing the nanoscale. Advances in ultrafast laser processing technologies can enable unprecedented resolutions and processed feature sizes, with the prospect to bypass optical and thermal limits. We will review here the mechanisms of laser processing on extreme scales and the optical and material concepts allowing us to confine the energy beyond the optical limits. We will discuss direct focusing approaches, where the use of nonlinear and near-field effects has demonstrated strong capabilities for light confinement. We will argue that the control of material hydrodynamic response is the key to achieve ultimate resolution in laser processing. A specific structuring process couples both optical and material effects, the process of self-organization. We will discuss the newest results in surface and volume self-organization, indicating the dynamic interplay between light and matter evolution. Micron-sized and nanosized features can be combined into novel architectures and arrangements. We equally underline a new dimensional domain in processing accessible now using laser radiation, the sub-100-nm feature size. Potential application fields will be indicated as the structuring sizes approach the effective mean free path of transport phenomena.

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“…This positive change mechanism is very common in amorphous materials, e.g., in a majority of glasses. Such feature enables direct writing of 3D guiding structures with flexible geometries for easy construction of passive devices, such as splitters, directional couplers, and waveguide arrays/gratings, by simply scanning the target sample along arbitrary directions 11,15,18 . In crystals, however, such mechanism seems to be hampered by the periodic lattice structures and so far it has been only realized in a handful of hosts, e.g., LiNbO 3 , ZnSe, YCa 4 O(BO 3 ) 3 (YCOB), and Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) 12,[19][20][21][22][23] .…”

Section: Diversity -Linear Waveguide Geometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser direct writing of flexibly configured waveguide geometries in optical crystals: fabrication and application

Jia¹,

Wang²,

Chen³

2020

Opto-Electronic Advances

137

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Optical waveguides are far more than mere connecting elements in integrated optical systems and circuits. Benefiting from their high optical confinement and miniaturized footprints, waveguide structures established based on crystalline materials, particularly, are opening exciting possibilities and opportunities in photonic chips by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Femtosecond-laser-direct writing (FsLDW), as a true three-dimensional (3D) micromachining and microfabrication technology, allows rapid prototyping of on-demand waveguide geometries inside transparent materials via localized material modification. The success of FsLDW lies not only in its unsurpassed aptitude for realizing 3D devices but also in its remarkable material-independence that enables cross-platform solutions. This review emphasizes FsLDW fabrication of waveguide structures with 3D layouts in dielectric crystals. Their functionalities as passive and active photonic devices are also demonstrated and discussed.

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Fabricating waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) in bulk materials using ultrashort laser pulses

Cited by 44 publications

References 82 publications

Monolithic Add–Drop Multiplexers in Fused Silica Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

Monolithic Add–Drop Multiplexers in Fused Silica Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

Advances in ultrafast laser structuring of materials at the nanoscale

Femtosecond laser direct writing of flexibly configured waveguide geometries in optical crystals: fabrication and application

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