Fabric phase sorptive extraction for the determination of 17 multiclass fungicides in environmental water by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

A rapid environmental pollution screening and monitoring workflow based on fabric phase sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (FPSE-GC-MS/MS) is proposed for the first time for the analysis of 17 widespread used fungicides (metalaxyl, cyprodinil, tolylfluanid, procymidone, folpet, fludioxonil, myclobutanil, kresoxim methyl, iprovalicarb, benalaxyl, trifloxystrobin, fenhexamid, tebuconazole, iprodione, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and dimethomorph) in environmental waters. The most critical parameters affecting FPSE, such as sample volume, matrix pH, desorption solvent and time, and ionic strength were optimized by statistical design of experiment to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed FPSE-GC-MS/MS method was validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy and precision. To assess matrix effects, recovery studies were performed employing different water matrices including ultrapure, fountain, river, spring, and tap water at 4 different concentration levels (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 µg/L). Recoveries were quantitative with values ranging between 70-115%, and relative standard deviation values lower than 14%. Limits of quantification were at the low ng/L for all the target fungicides. Finally, the validated FPSE-GC-MS/MS method was applied to real water samples, revealing the presence of 11 out of the 17 target fungicides. K E Y W O R D Senvironmental water monitoring, fabric phase sorptive

Degradation of iprodione by a novel strain Azospirillum sp. A1-3 isolated from Tibet

“…Sample preparation of fermentation broth: 20.0 g sample were placed in 150 ml beaker, then 40 ml acetonitrile and 5–6 g NaCl were added, vibration at 180 rpm for 10 min, after 30 min of stratification, 10 ml of supernatant were rotatably evaporated to nearly dry, 5.0 ml acetone with n-hexane (1:9) was used as constant volume for GC-ECD or GC–MS/MS analysis ( Celeiro et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Iprodione (C 13 H 13 Cl 2 N 3 O 3 , CAS No: 36734-19-7), is a dicarboxamide fungicide that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, cell division, and cellular metabolism in fungi ( Davidse, 1986 ), which is commonly used to control fungal infestations by Botrytis cinerea , Alternaria sp., Monilinia fructigena , Rhizoctonia solani , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Penicillium sp., Sclerotinia sp., and other fungal pathogens in crops ( Mukherjee et al, 2003 ; Morales et al, 2013 ; Grabke et al, 2014 ; Campos et al, 2015 ). Iprodione is moderately persistent in soil, with a half-life of 7–60 days depending on the environmental conditions ( Wang et al, 2012 ; Loutfy et al, 2015 ), and it has been detected in many samples, such as crops, soil, environmental water, animals, and human urine ( Lindh et al, 2007 ; Grabke et al, 2014 ; Carneiro et al, 2020 ; Celeiro et al, 2020 ). The U.S. environmental protection agency, European commission, and pest management agency of Canada had classified iprodione as a highly toxic to aquatic animals, moderately toxic to plants and birds, and a probable carcinogenic to humans ( Verdenelli et al, 2012 ; Eevers et al, 2017 ; Bernardes et al, 2019 ).…”

Occurrence of Fungicides in Vineyard and the Surrounding Environment

“…The high presence of fungicides in this type of sample poses a problem for the environment, as residues can reach the soil via rainwater and irrigation water. Furthermore, these compounds can enter aquatic ecosystems through runoff water [2,8].…”

“…Plant protection products (PPPs) are pesticides specifically applied for the protection of crops or desirable or valuable plants [1]. Fungicides are a type of pesticide (PPP) used to inhibit fungal growth, which can seriously damage crops and plantations of different types [2]. Although their use is indispensable for food safety, concerns have been raised about their presence in different consumption products and in the surrounding environment (water, air and soil) where they are employed [3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…However, for the isolation of these compounds in grape samples, QuEChERS, solid liquid extraction (SLE), MSPD, SPE, dSPE, PLE, LLE, dispersive LLE (dLLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), among others, have been used [20,21] In addition, UAE, PLE, MAE and MSPD were applied for the extraction of fungicides in soil samples [22][23][24]. Regarding water samples, different approaches like SPE, SPME or fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) have been employed [2,8,25].…”