Eye Tracking and Psychopathology

Eye Tracking Dysfunction and Schizophrenia: A Critical Perspective

“…Evidence indicating stability of performance can also be obtained from data on patients who are not acutely ill. ETD occurs in patients with remitted schizophrenia (Iacono et al 1982; Keefe et al 1989; Altman et al 1990; Campion et al 1992) and in samples including schizophrenia inpatients and outpatients (Lipton et al 1980b; Latham et al 1981; Matsue and Okuma 1981; Yee et al 1987; Keefe et al 1989; Kelly et al 1990; Grove et al 1991; Klein and Andresen 1991). Readers interested in the stability of specific dependent measures are referred to the following studies: Holzman et al (1974), Shagass et al (1974), Cegalis and Sweeney (1979), Iacono and Lykken (1979 a , 1979 b , 1981), Iacono et al (1981), Bartfai et al (1983), Siever et al (1986), Smeraldi et al (1987), van den Bosch and Rozendaal (1988), and Campion et al (1992). We concur with the conclusion of Clementz and Sweeney (1990) that the stability of global measures of eye tracking tends to be quite good, at least for periods of up to 2 years.…”

Is eye movement dysfunction a biological marker for schizophrenia? A methodological review.

“…Other investigators have replicated this phenomenon (Holzman et al, 1976; Iacono & Koenig, 1983; Iacono & Lykken, 1979b, 1979c; Iacono et al, 1981, 1982; Levin, Lipton, & Holzman, 1981). Cegalis and Sweeney (1979) failed to replicate this effect for RMS, although they did observe a reduction in saccade frequency during tracking with increased target information (as did Iacono & Lykken, 1979c). Likewise, Pivik (1979b) did not find an improvement in performance for frequency of saccades during his signal-detection task.…”

“…Shagass et al (1976) reported that affixing numerals to a pendulum improved the global accuracy of pursuit ratings. Other investigators have replicated this phenomenon (Holzman et al, 1976; Iacono & Koenig, 1983; Iacono & Lykken, 1979b, 1979c; Iacono et al, 1981, 1982; Levin, Lipton, & Holzman, 1981). Cegalis and Sweeney (1979) failed to replicate this effect for RMS, although they did observe a reduction in saccade frequency during tracking with increased target information (as did Iacono & Lykken, 1979c).…”

“…As a result, it is important to consider the role that attention enhancement and distraction play in oculomotor performance. Similar to studies using psychiatric patients, several studies using normal subjects have suggested that global accuracy of pursuit improves, within-subjects variability in global accuracy is reduced, and the frequency of intrusive saccades decreases with attention enhancement (Shagass et al, 1976; Holzman et al, 1976; Iacono & Koenig, 1983; Iacono & Lykken, 1979b, 1979c; Iacono et al, 1981, 1982; Levin, Lipton, & Holzman, 1981). Furthermore, some studies have discovered that complex cognitive distractors (e.g., subtracting 13 from 200 and writing each number in the series) may deleteriously affect qualitative pursuit accuracy ratings (Acker & Toone, 1978; Brezinova & Kendell, 1977; Tomer, Mintz, Levy, & Myslobodsky, 1981).…”

Familial prevalence and coaggregation of schizotypy indicators: A multitrait family study.

“…Finally, oculomotor gain does not appear to be familial. Because gain correlated .60 with RMS error in our total sample, and because RMS error is heritable (Iacono & Lykken, 1979), such a finding is not plausible (although it is mathematically possible). The estimated heritability may reflect a sampling error.…”