Extrusion and characterization of functionalized cellulose whiskers reinforced polyethylene nanocomposites

Menezes, Aparecido Júnior de; Siqueira, Gilberto; Curvelo, Antônio Aprígio da Silva; Dufresne, Alain

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.038

Cited by 478 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The cellulose content was different from that reported by other researchers, such as 44.4% (Sun et al 1999), 60.6% (Wanrosli et al 2004), 49% (Nazir et al 2012), and 64% (Nazir et al 2013). This differential on the cellulose contents might be due to the different origins and hydrolysis conditions (De Menezes et al 2009;Li et al 2009). Figure 1a shows the FTIR spectra of OPEFB at different stages of chemical treatment and its derived celluloses after multiple bleaching durations.…”

Section: Extraction Of Opefb Cellulosementioning

confidence: 69%

Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber

Ching

2014

BioRes

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The effects of chlorite bleaching on the properties of cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber were investigated in this work. Cellulose was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber via chlorite bleaching, alkali treatment, and acid hydrolysis. Cellulose was extracted by varying the bleaching duration, which corresponded to 4, 8, or 12 h. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were significant removed after the bleaching process, whereas no spectral differences were observed in the samples with the increase of bleaching durations. The main removal of the lignin and hemicellulose components had occurred during the bleaching process. There was only slight additional removal of lignin and hemicellulose during the further extraction process with alkali and acid hydrolysis. The peaks at 1740 cm-1 and 1246 cm-1 which represent hemicellulose and lignin, respectively, were not present in the final extracted cellulose. The cellulose yield contents did not increase with the increasing of bleaching duration from 4 h to 12 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity and the 200 peak of OPEFB had increased after the bleaching process. Analysis of the visible light transmittance of cellulose, after a bleaching duration of 12 h, demonstrated the highest transmittance due to the disintegration of the fibers. By increasing the bleaching duration, the temperature at 50% weight loss of OPEFB increased, suggesting that the thermal stability of cellulose had improved.

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Section: Extraction Of Opefb Cellulosementioning

confidence: 69%

Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber

Ching

2014

BioRes

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“…Ramie cellulose whiskers ( Figure 6) were chemically modified by organic acid chlorides with different lengths [40] . The modified surfaces were characterised by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, XRD and contact angle measurements.…”

Section: Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose-reinforced composites: From micro-to nanoscale

Dufresne¹,

Belgacem²

2010

Polímeros

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This paper present the most relevant advances in the fields of: i) cellulose fibres surface modification; ii) cellulose fibres-based composite materials; and iii) nanocomposites based on cellulose whiskers or starch plateletlike nanoparticles. The real breakthroughs achieved in the first topic concern the use of solvent-free grafting process (plasma) and the grafting of the matrix at the surface of cellulose fibres through isocyanate-mediated grafting or thanks to "click chemistry". Concerning the second topic, it is worth to mention that for some cellulose/matrix combination and in the presence of adequate aids or specific surface treatment, high performance composite materials could be obtained. Finally, nanocomposites allow using the semi-crystalline nature and hierarchical structure of lignocellulosic fibres and starch granules to more deeply achieve this goal profitably exploited by Mother Nature

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“…The other approach is chemical modification of the surface of CNFs (Dufresne 2012;Habibi 2014). Reinforcement of thermoplastic resin by chemically modified CNFs and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has been attempted (Panaitescu et al 2007;De Menezes et al 2009;Lin and Dufresne 2013;Hassan et al 2014;Huang et al 2016). Three hydroxyl groups per repeating unit exposed on the surface is unique characteristic of CNFs and CNCs compared with other nanofillers such as carbon nanotube and carbon nanofibers and enables designing of nanofibers surface although an effective chemical treatment to improve the reinforcing efficiency of CNFs and CNCs for PP and PE has not yet been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing cellulose nanofiber surface for high density polyethylene reinforcement

et al. 2018

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Because of their high mechanical performance, high specific surface area, and high aspect ratio, there is a strong interest in cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as a reinforcing material for plastics. Although three hydroxyl groups per repeating unit exposed on the surface is a unique characteristic of CNFs, an effective chemical treatment to improve the reinforcing efficiency of CNFs for hydrophobic thermoplastic resin has not yet been reported. In this study, six systematically designed aliphatic ester groups with linear, cyclic and branched structures, were incorporated on the surface of CNFs using the hydroxyl groups with a degree of substitution of 0.4. The melt compounding of the esterified CNFs and HDPE was performed at 140°C using a twin screw extruder followed by injection molding at 160°C and investigated the CNF dispersibility in HDPE and the CNF reinforcing efficiency in injection-molded HDPE samples. Incorporation of linear long chains results in the best dispersion of CNFs in HDPE compared with cyclic and branched chains, but the latter chains give higher reinforcing efficiencies in Young's modulus and tensile strength. Especially, the bulky t-butyl group gave the highest reinforcing efficiency. Thus, the structure of ester groups incorporated on the CNFs very much affects on the dispersibility in HDPE, Young's modulus and tensile strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the esterified CNFsreinforced HDPE composites. Addition of pivaloylated CNFs increases the Young's modulus of HDPE from 1.20 to 3.32 GPa, and the tensile strength from 23.4 to 51.2 MPa. The CTE is 72.5 ppm/K, which is less than one-third that of the HDPE. The high reinforcing efficiency of these composites is partly explained by the formation of the double shish-kebab crystal structure during injection molding identified by the TEM observation.

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Extrusion and characterization of functionalized cellulose whiskers reinforced polyethylene nanocomposites

Cited by 478 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber

Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber

Cellulose-reinforced composites: From micro-to nanoscale

Designing cellulose nanofiber surface for high density polyethylene reinforcement

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